Supercongruences involving Domb numbers and binary quadratic forms (Q6085360): Difference between revisions

Thanks to \textit {Fermat} and \textit {Euler}, we know that any prime \(p \equiv 1 \pmod {3}\) can be expressed as \(p=x^2+3 y^2\) for some integers \(x\) and \(y\). The authors clarify the importance of such binary quadratic form and of the Domb numbers \( D_{n}=\sum_{k=0}^{n} \left(\begin{array}{l} n \\ k \end{array} \right)^{2} \left(\begin{array}{c} 2 k \\ k \end{array} \right) \left(\begin{array}{c} 2 n-2 k \\ n-k \end{array}\right) \) in two supercongruences conjectured by \textit {Z.-H. Sun} [``New conjectures involving binomial coefficients and Apéry-like numbers'', Preprint, \url{arXiv:2111.04538}] and here established also via \(\mathtt{Sigma}\): \[ \begin{aligned} & \sum_{k=0}^{p-1} k^{3} \frac{D_{k}}{4^{k}} \equiv \begin{cases}-\frac{64}{45} x^{2}+\frac{32}{45} p+\frac{43 p^{2}}{90 x^{2}} \pmod { p^3} & \text { if } p=x^{2}+3 y^{2} \equiv 1 \pmod {3} \text {,} \\ \frac{28}{9} R_{3}(p) \pmod { p^2} & \text { if } p \equiv 2 \pmod {3} \text { and } p \neq 5 \text {,} \end{cases} \\ & \sum_{k=0}^{p-1} k^{3} \frac{D_{k}}{16^{k}} \equiv \begin{cases}\frac{4}{45} x^{2}-\frac{2}{45} p+\frac{p^{2}}{45 x^{2}}\pmod { p^3} & \text { if } p=x^{2}+3 y^{2} \equiv 1 \pmod {3} \text {,} \\ -\frac{4}{9} R_{3}(p) \pmod { p^2} & \text { if } p \equiv 2 \pmod {3} \text {,} \end{cases} \end{aligned} \] with \( R_{3}(p)= \left(1+2 p+\frac{4}{3} \left(2^{p-1}-1 \right)-\frac{3}{2} \left(3^{p-1}-1 \right) \right) \left(\begin{array}{c} \frac{p-1}{2} \\ \lfloor p / 6\rfloor \end{array} \right)^{2} \). In their rather sophisticated proof, the authors employ combinatorial properties given by \textit {Z.-H. Sun} [J. Differ. Equ. Appl. 24, No. 10, 1685--1713 (2018; Zbl 1446.11007)] and by \textit {K. M. Yeung} [J. Number Theory 33, No.1, 1--17 (1989; Zbl 0682.10007)], together with transformation formulas due to \textit {Z.-H. Sun} [Integral Transforms Spec. Funct. 26, No. 8, 642--659 (2015; Zbl 1360.11008)] and to \textit {H. H. Chan} and \textit {W. Zudilin} [Mathematika 56, No. 1, 107--117 (2010; Zbl 1275.11035)]. In addition, the paper recalls some congruences about the harmonic numbers from the first-named author and \textit {Y. Liu} [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 516, No. 1, Article ID 126493 (2022; Zbl 1505.11008)].