Positive periodic solutions of nonautonomous Lotka-Volterra dynamic systems with a general attack rate on time scales (Q6184984): Difference between revisions

\textit{V. Volterra} [Mem. Accad. naz. Lincei, Cl. Sci. fis. mat. nat. (6) 2, 31--113 (1927; JFM 52.0450.06)] constructed the known Lotka-Volterra model based on the assumption that fish and sharks are in a predator-prey relationship. Moreover, \textit{A. J. Lotka} [The elements of physical biology. Baltimore, Williams \& Wilkins Co.; London, Baillière, Tindall \& Cox (1925; JFM 51.0416.06)] constructed a similar model in a different context around the same time, so it is known as Lotka-Volterra. The Lotka-Volterra model is applied to describe evolutionary processes in various areas of human activity. In the real world, some processes vary continuously (modeled by differential equations) while others vary discretely (modeled by difference equations), or both continuously and discretely (times scales). In this sense, times scales \(\mathbb{T}\) are considered to be periodic (additively periodic) such that \(0\in{\mathbb T}\). The main purpose of this paper is to extend the \textit{C. Lois-Prados} and \textit{R. Precup} results [Nonlinear Anal., Real World Appl. 52, Article ID 103024, 17 p. (2020; Zbl 1433.34066)] to dynamic systems of the form \[ \begin{cases} x^{\Delta}(t)=\ a(t)x(t)g(x(t))-f(t,x(t),y(t))x(t)y(t),\\ y^{\Delta}(t)=\ -b(t)y^{\sigma}(t)+c(t)f(t,x(t),y(t))x(t)y(t) \end{cases}\tag{1} \] on time scales \({\mathbb T}\). Particularly, the authors obtain a discrete analogue to the continuous result and they simultaneously prove both continuous and discrete results, and use the Krasnoselskii-type homotopy fixed-point theorem to prove the existence of positive periodic solutions of nonautonomous Lotka-Volterra dynamic systems with a general attack rate on time scales. In Section 2, some preliminary results on the calculus on time scales are presented. In Section 3, Krasnoselskii-type homotopy fixed-point theorem [\textit{D. O'Regan} and \textit{R. Precup}, Theorems of Leray-Schauder-type and applications. London: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers (2001; Zbl 1045.47002)] is stated which is the main tool of the paper. Then System (1) is transformed into an integral system and explores the existence of positive periodic solutions. In the final part of the paper, some particular cases of system (1) is discussed to emphasize the obtained results.