A simple counterexample related to the Lie-Trotter product formula (Q444681): Difference between revisions
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The ``addition formula'' \[ e^{A + B} = \lim_{n \to \infty} \Big( e^{A /n} e^{B/n}\Big)^n \] for matrix exponentials is due to Sophus Lie. Its generalization to semigroups \[ U(t)u = \lim_{n \to \infty} \Big( S \Big( {t \over n} \Big) T \Big( {t \over n} \Big) \Big)^n u \eqno(1) \] was given by \textit{H. F. Trotter} [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 10, 545--551 (1959; Zbl 0099.10401)]; here, \(A\) (resp., \(B)\) is the infinitesimal generator of the strongly continuous semigroup \(S(t)\) (resp., \(T(t))\) and \(U(t)\) is the semigroup generated by \(\overline{A + B}\). In the language of differential equations in Banach spaces, formula (1) is the basis of the splitting method of assembling the solution \(u'(t) = (A + B)u(t)\) from the solutions of \(u'(t) = Au(t)\) and \(u'(t) = Bu(t).\) The validity of Trotter's formula (1) requires additional assumptions. In a slightly generalized version, it is assumed that \[ \Big \| \Big(S\Big( {t \over n} \Big) T \Big( {t \over n} \Big) \Big)^n \Big \| \leq Me^{\omega t} \quad (t \geq 0, \;n = 1, 2, \dots) \eqno(2) \] and that \(\overline{A + B}\) is an infinitesimal generator; in another version, this last requirement follows from other hypotheses. The question arises: does the sole assumption that \(\overline{A + B}\) is a semigroup generator guarantee (1)? The answer is known to be ``no'' through a counterexample of \textit{F. Kühnemund} and \textit{M. Wacker} [Semigroup Forum 60, No.~3, 478--485 (2000; Zbl 0976.47021)]. The authors provide a simpler counterexample using operator matrices; the limit in (1) is zero, while \(U(t)u \neq 0\). | |||
Property / review text: The ``addition formula'' \[ e^{A + B} = \lim_{n \to \infty} \Big( e^{A /n} e^{B/n}\Big)^n \] for matrix exponentials is due to Sophus Lie. Its generalization to semigroups \[ U(t)u = \lim_{n \to \infty} \Big( S \Big( {t \over n} \Big) T \Big( {t \over n} \Big) \Big)^n u \eqno(1) \] was given by \textit{H. F. Trotter} [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 10, 545--551 (1959; Zbl 0099.10401)]; here, \(A\) (resp., \(B)\) is the infinitesimal generator of the strongly continuous semigroup \(S(t)\) (resp., \(T(t))\) and \(U(t)\) is the semigroup generated by \(\overline{A + B}\). In the language of differential equations in Banach spaces, formula (1) is the basis of the splitting method of assembling the solution \(u'(t) = (A + B)u(t)\) from the solutions of \(u'(t) = Au(t)\) and \(u'(t) = Bu(t).\) The validity of Trotter's formula (1) requires additional assumptions. In a slightly generalized version, it is assumed that \[ \Big \| \Big(S\Big( {t \over n} \Big) T \Big( {t \over n} \Big) \Big)^n \Big \| \leq Me^{\omega t} \quad (t \geq 0, \;n = 1, 2, \dots) \eqno(2) \] and that \(\overline{A + B}\) is an infinitesimal generator; in another version, this last requirement follows from other hypotheses. The question arises: does the sole assumption that \(\overline{A + B}\) is a semigroup generator guarantee (1)? The answer is known to be ``no'' through a counterexample of \textit{F. Kühnemund} and \textit{M. Wacker} [Semigroup Forum 60, No.~3, 478--485 (2000; Zbl 0976.47021)]. The authors provide a simpler counterexample using operator matrices; the limit in (1) is zero, while \(U(t)u \neq 0\). / rank | |||
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Property / reviewed by | |||
Property / reviewed by: Hector O. Fattorini / rank | |||
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Property / Mathematics Subject Classification ID | |||
Property / Mathematics Subject Classification ID: 47D06 / rank | |||
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Property / Mathematics Subject Classification ID | |||
Property / Mathematics Subject Classification ID: 34G10 / rank | |||
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Property / zbMATH DE Number | |||
Property / zbMATH DE Number: 6066653 / rank | |||
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Property / zbMATH Keywords | |||
Lie-Trotter product formula | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: Lie-Trotter product formula / rank | |||
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linear strongly continuous semigroups | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: linear strongly continuous semigroups / rank | |||
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Property / zbMATH Keywords | |||
sum of infinitesimal generators | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: sum of infinitesimal generators / rank | |||
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splitting method | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: splitting method / rank | |||
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Revision as of 02:52, 30 June 2023
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English | A simple counterexample related to the Lie-Trotter product formula |
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A simple counterexample related to the Lie-Trotter product formula (English)
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16 August 2012
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The ``addition formula'' \[ e^{A + B} = \lim_{n \to \infty} \Big( e^{A /n} e^{B/n}\Big)^n \] for matrix exponentials is due to Sophus Lie. Its generalization to semigroups \[ U(t)u = \lim_{n \to \infty} \Big( S \Big( {t \over n} \Big) T \Big( {t \over n} \Big) \Big)^n u \eqno(1) \] was given by \textit{H. F. Trotter} [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 10, 545--551 (1959; Zbl 0099.10401)]; here, \(A\) (resp., \(B)\) is the infinitesimal generator of the strongly continuous semigroup \(S(t)\) (resp., \(T(t))\) and \(U(t)\) is the semigroup generated by \(\overline{A + B}\). In the language of differential equations in Banach spaces, formula (1) is the basis of the splitting method of assembling the solution \(u'(t) = (A + B)u(t)\) from the solutions of \(u'(t) = Au(t)\) and \(u'(t) = Bu(t).\) The validity of Trotter's formula (1) requires additional assumptions. In a slightly generalized version, it is assumed that \[ \Big \| \Big(S\Big( {t \over n} \Big) T \Big( {t \over n} \Big) \Big)^n \Big \| \leq Me^{\omega t} \quad (t \geq 0, \;n = 1, 2, \dots) \eqno(2) \] and that \(\overline{A + B}\) is an infinitesimal generator; in another version, this last requirement follows from other hypotheses. The question arises: does the sole assumption that \(\overline{A + B}\) is a semigroup generator guarantee (1)? The answer is known to be ``no'' through a counterexample of \textit{F. Kühnemund} and \textit{M. Wacker} [Semigroup Forum 60, No.~3, 478--485 (2000; Zbl 0976.47021)]. The authors provide a simpler counterexample using operator matrices; the limit in (1) is zero, while \(U(t)u \neq 0\).
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Lie-Trotter product formula
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linear strongly continuous semigroups
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sum of infinitesimal generators
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splitting method
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