Surface links which are coverings over the standard torus (Q541298): Difference between revisions
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A surface link is a smooth oriented surface in the 4-space \(\mathbb R^4\). According to [\textit{S. Kamada}, ``A characterization of groups of closed orientable surfaces in 4-space.'' Topology 33, No.~1, 113--122 (1994; Zbl 0820.57017)], any surface link can be isotoped to a closed 2-braid, meaning a surface \(S \subset N(S^2)\) in a regular neighborhood of the standard 2-sphere \(S^2 \subset\mathbb R^4\), such that the projection \(N(S^2) \to S^2\) restricts to an \(m\)-fold branched covering \(S \to S^2\). The \(m\)-chart description of 2-braids was introduced in [\textit{S. Kamada}, ``Surfaces in \(\mathbb R^4\) of braid index three are ribbon.'' J. Knot Theory Ramifications 1, No.~2, 137--160 (1992; Zbl 0763.57013)], in terms of certain graphs in \(S^2\) with some additional data. Here, the notion of torus-covering surface link is introduced as a variation of that of a closed 2-braid, where the role of \(S^2\) is played by the standard torus \(T^2 \subset\mathbb R^4\). Namely, a torus-covering surface link is an oriented surface \(S \subset N(T^2)\) in a regular neighborhood of \(T^2\), such that the projection \(N(T^2) \to T^2\) restricts to an \(m\)-fold branched covering \(S \to T^2\). Torus-covering surface links are described by \(m\)-charts in \(T^2\). In particular, the paper focuses on the case when \(S\) is a \(T^2\)-link, that is all its components are tori. In this case, the covering \(S \to T^2\) is unbranched and \(S\) is uniquely determined by the pair of commuting classical \(m\)-braids obtained by lifting the standard longitude and meridian of \(T^2\). Actually, any pair \((a,b)\) of commuting \(m\)-braids determines a torus-covering \(T^2\)-link denoted by \(\mathcal S_m(a,b)\). For example, spun (resp. turned spun, symmetry-spun) \(T^2\)-links have the form \(\mathcal S_m(b,e)\) (resp. \(\mathcal S_m(b,b)\), \(\mathcal S_m(b^n,b^k)\)) for some \(m\)-braid \(b\). The main results concern the family of torus-covering \(T^2\)-links \(\mathcal S_4(\sigma_1 \sigma_3, \Delta^l)\) where \(\Delta\) is the half-twist on 4 strands and \(l \geq 1\). These are shown to be ribbon and to be non-equivalent to each other (\(\mathcal S_4(\sigma_1 \sigma_3, \Delta)\) is trivial). Moreover, their link groups are shown to be not classical link groups for \(l > 1\) (and also not \(S^2\)-link groups for \(l\) even). The last section of the paper is devoted to the computation of the quandle cocycle invariants of \(\mathcal S_m(b, \Delta^{2n})\). | |||
Property / review text: A surface link is a smooth oriented surface in the 4-space \(\mathbb R^4\). According to [\textit{S. Kamada}, ``A characterization of groups of closed orientable surfaces in 4-space.'' Topology 33, No.~1, 113--122 (1994; Zbl 0820.57017)], any surface link can be isotoped to a closed 2-braid, meaning a surface \(S \subset N(S^2)\) in a regular neighborhood of the standard 2-sphere \(S^2 \subset\mathbb R^4\), such that the projection \(N(S^2) \to S^2\) restricts to an \(m\)-fold branched covering \(S \to S^2\). The \(m\)-chart description of 2-braids was introduced in [\textit{S. Kamada}, ``Surfaces in \(\mathbb R^4\) of braid index three are ribbon.'' J. Knot Theory Ramifications 1, No.~2, 137--160 (1992; Zbl 0763.57013)], in terms of certain graphs in \(S^2\) with some additional data. Here, the notion of torus-covering surface link is introduced as a variation of that of a closed 2-braid, where the role of \(S^2\) is played by the standard torus \(T^2 \subset\mathbb R^4\). Namely, a torus-covering surface link is an oriented surface \(S \subset N(T^2)\) in a regular neighborhood of \(T^2\), such that the projection \(N(T^2) \to T^2\) restricts to an \(m\)-fold branched covering \(S \to T^2\). Torus-covering surface links are described by \(m\)-charts in \(T^2\). In particular, the paper focuses on the case when \(S\) is a \(T^2\)-link, that is all its components are tori. In this case, the covering \(S \to T^2\) is unbranched and \(S\) is uniquely determined by the pair of commuting classical \(m\)-braids obtained by lifting the standard longitude and meridian of \(T^2\). Actually, any pair \((a,b)\) of commuting \(m\)-braids determines a torus-covering \(T^2\)-link denoted by \(\mathcal S_m(a,b)\). For example, spun (resp. turned spun, symmetry-spun) \(T^2\)-links have the form \(\mathcal S_m(b,e)\) (resp. \(\mathcal S_m(b,b)\), \(\mathcal S_m(b^n,b^k)\)) for some \(m\)-braid \(b\). The main results concern the family of torus-covering \(T^2\)-links \(\mathcal S_4(\sigma_1 \sigma_3, \Delta^l)\) where \(\Delta\) is the half-twist on 4 strands and \(l \geq 1\). These are shown to be ribbon and to be non-equivalent to each other (\(\mathcal S_4(\sigma_1 \sigma_3, \Delta)\) is trivial). Moreover, their link groups are shown to be not classical link groups for \(l > 1\) (and also not \(S^2\)-link groups for \(l\) even). The last section of the paper is devoted to the computation of the quandle cocycle invariants of \(\mathcal S_m(b, \Delta^{2n})\). / rank | |||
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Property / reviewed by | |||
Property / reviewed by: Riccardo Piergallini / rank | |||
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Property / Mathematics Subject Classification ID | |||
Property / Mathematics Subject Classification ID: 57Q45 / rank | |||
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Property / Mathematics Subject Classification ID | |||
Property / Mathematics Subject Classification ID: 57Q35 / rank | |||
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Property / zbMATH DE Number | |||
Property / zbMATH DE Number: 5904607 / rank | |||
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Property / zbMATH Keywords | |||
surface link | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: surface link / rank | |||
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\(m\)-chart | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: \(m\)-chart / rank | |||
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2-dimensional braid | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: 2-dimensional braid / rank | |||
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spun link | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: spun link / rank | |||
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ribbon surface link | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: ribbon surface link / rank | |||
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knot group | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: knot group / rank | |||
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Property / zbMATH Keywords | |||
quandle cocycle invariant | |||
Property / zbMATH Keywords: quandle cocycle invariant / rank | |||
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Revision as of 11:18, 1 July 2023
scientific article
Language | Label | Description | Also known as |
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English | Surface links which are coverings over the standard torus |
scientific article |
Statements
Surface links which are coverings over the standard torus (English)
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7 June 2011
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A surface link is a smooth oriented surface in the 4-space \(\mathbb R^4\). According to [\textit{S. Kamada}, ``A characterization of groups of closed orientable surfaces in 4-space.'' Topology 33, No.~1, 113--122 (1994; Zbl 0820.57017)], any surface link can be isotoped to a closed 2-braid, meaning a surface \(S \subset N(S^2)\) in a regular neighborhood of the standard 2-sphere \(S^2 \subset\mathbb R^4\), such that the projection \(N(S^2) \to S^2\) restricts to an \(m\)-fold branched covering \(S \to S^2\). The \(m\)-chart description of 2-braids was introduced in [\textit{S. Kamada}, ``Surfaces in \(\mathbb R^4\) of braid index three are ribbon.'' J. Knot Theory Ramifications 1, No.~2, 137--160 (1992; Zbl 0763.57013)], in terms of certain graphs in \(S^2\) with some additional data. Here, the notion of torus-covering surface link is introduced as a variation of that of a closed 2-braid, where the role of \(S^2\) is played by the standard torus \(T^2 \subset\mathbb R^4\). Namely, a torus-covering surface link is an oriented surface \(S \subset N(T^2)\) in a regular neighborhood of \(T^2\), such that the projection \(N(T^2) \to T^2\) restricts to an \(m\)-fold branched covering \(S \to T^2\). Torus-covering surface links are described by \(m\)-charts in \(T^2\). In particular, the paper focuses on the case when \(S\) is a \(T^2\)-link, that is all its components are tori. In this case, the covering \(S \to T^2\) is unbranched and \(S\) is uniquely determined by the pair of commuting classical \(m\)-braids obtained by lifting the standard longitude and meridian of \(T^2\). Actually, any pair \((a,b)\) of commuting \(m\)-braids determines a torus-covering \(T^2\)-link denoted by \(\mathcal S_m(a,b)\). For example, spun (resp. turned spun, symmetry-spun) \(T^2\)-links have the form \(\mathcal S_m(b,e)\) (resp. \(\mathcal S_m(b,b)\), \(\mathcal S_m(b^n,b^k)\)) for some \(m\)-braid \(b\). The main results concern the family of torus-covering \(T^2\)-links \(\mathcal S_4(\sigma_1 \sigma_3, \Delta^l)\) where \(\Delta\) is the half-twist on 4 strands and \(l \geq 1\). These are shown to be ribbon and to be non-equivalent to each other (\(\mathcal S_4(\sigma_1 \sigma_3, \Delta)\) is trivial). Moreover, their link groups are shown to be not classical link groups for \(l > 1\) (and also not \(S^2\)-link groups for \(l\) even). The last section of the paper is devoted to the computation of the quandle cocycle invariants of \(\mathcal S_m(b, \Delta^{2n})\).
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surface link
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\(m\)-chart
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2-dimensional braid
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spun link
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ribbon surface link
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knot group
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quandle cocycle invariant
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