Multiple solutions of generalized asymptotical linear Hamiltonian systems satisfying Sturm-Liouville boundary conditions (Q550236): Difference between revisions

This paper considers multiple solutions to the following Hamiltonian system with Sturm-Liouville boundary conditions \[ \begin{aligned} &\dot{x}= J H'(t,x), \\ &x_1(0) \cos\alpha + x_2(0)\sin\alpha= 0, \\ &x_1(1) \cos\beta + x_2(1)\sin\beta= 0, \end{aligned}\tag{1} \] where \(x=(x_1,x_2)\in\mathbb{R}^n\times\mathbb{R}^n\,,\) \(0\leq\alpha\leq\pi\,,\, 0<\beta\leq\pi\,,\)\, \(H'\) denotes the gradient of \(H\) with respect to \(x\). The author takes advantage of the index theory from \textit{Y. Dong} [``Index theory for linear selfadjoint operator equations and nontrivial solutions for asymptotically linear operator equations'', Calc. Var. Partial Differ. Equ. 38, No.~1--2, 75--109 (2010; Zbl 1195.47036)], the \(\mu\)-index theory, the dual variational method and a lemma about multiple critical points given by \textit{K. C. Chang} in [Infinite dimensional Morse theory and multiple solution problems. Boston: Birkhäuser (1993; Zbl 0779.58005)] to prove the following main theorem. Theorem. Assume that \(H, H', H''\) are all continuous, that \(H(t,0)\equiv 0\), and that the following conditions are satisfied: {\parindent7.5mm \begin{itemize}\item[(i)] \(H'(t,0)=B_0(t,x) x+ o(|x|)\) as \(|x|\to 0\), where \(B_0(t,x)\) is a symmetric \(2n\times 2n\) matrix varying continuously with \((t,x)\in [0,1]\times\mathbb{R}^{2n}\) and satisfying \(A_1(t)\leq B_0(t,x)\leq A_2(t)\) for all \((t,x)\), where \(A_1\) and \(A_2\) are such that \(i_{\alpha,\beta}(A_1)=i_{\alpha,\beta}(A_2)\) and \(\nu_{\alpha,\beta}(A_2)=0\). \item[(ii)] \(H'(t,x)=B_{\infty}(t,x) x+ o(|x|)\) as \(|x|\to \infty\), where \(B_\infty(t,x)\) is a symmetric \(2n\times 2n\) matrix varying continuously with \((t,x)\in [0,1]\times\mathbb{R}^{2n}\) and satisfying \(B_1(t)\leq B_\infty(t,x)\leq B_2(t)\) for all \((t,x)\), where \(B_1\) and \(B_2\) are such that \(i_{\alpha,\beta}(B_1)=i_{\alpha,\beta}(B_2)\) and \(\nu_{\alpha,\beta}(B_2)=0\). \item[(iii)] \(H(t,-x)=H(t,x)\) for all \((t,x)\in [0,1]\times\mathbb{R}^{2n}\). \end{itemize}} Then problem (1) has at least \(|i(A_1)-i(B_1)|\) pairs of solutions.