On the Jacobson radical of associative 2-graded rings (Q789481)

An abelian group G which is the direct sum of fixed subgroups \(G_ 0\) and \(G_ 1\) is said to be 2-graded and written as \(G=(G_ 0,G_ 1)\). A 2-graded abelian group \(R=(R_ 0,R_ 1)\) is a 2-graded ring if an associative multiplication is defined for all elements \(a_ i\in R_ i\), \(b_ j\in R_ j\) such that \(a_ ib_ j\in R_{i+j}, i,j\in \{0,1\}\) and \(i+j\) is addition modulo 2; this multiplication is required to be right and left distributive with respect to the addition of elements in \(R_ 0\) resp. in \(R_ 1\). An additive graded subgroup \(I=(I_ 0,I_ 1)\) will be called a left ideal of R if, for all i,j, \(R_ iI_ j\subseteq I_{i+j}.\) Right ideals and ideals are similarly defined. For 2-graded associative rings R the authors define modular left ideals of R and the left Jacobson radical \(J_{\ell}(R):=\cap \{\hat M:M\quad is\quad a\quad \max imal\quad modular\quad left\quad ideal\quad of\quad R\}.\) The right Jacobson radical \(J_ r(R)\) is defined similarly. Both \(J_{\ell}(R)\) and \(J_ r(R)\) are ideals of R. These definitions are analogues of the definition of the Jacobson radical in rings in terms of primitive ideals. Then, by analogy, \(T_{\ell}(R)\) is defined to be \(\cap \{M:M\quad is\quad a\quad \max imal\quad modular\quad left\quad ideal\quad of\quad R\}.\) The authors prove then that \(T_{\ell}(R)=J_{\ell}(R)\) and that \(T_{\ell}(R)=T_ r(R)\). This enables them, as \(J_{\ell}(R)=J_ r(R),\) to introduce a radical property for graded rings, considering the class of graded rings \[ {\mathcal J}=\{R:J(R)=R\}\quad where\quad J(R)=J_{\ell}(R)=J_ r(R). \] For a graded ring R an associative ring S(R) can be defined on the additive group \(R_ 0\oplus R_ 1\), be defining \((a_ 0,a_ 1)(b_ 0,b_ 1)=(a_ 0b_ 0+a_ 1b_ 1,a_ 0b_ 1+a_ 1b_ 0).\) It is proved that \(S(J(R))\subseteq J(S(R))\) and an example is given to show that the inclusion can be strict.