Multiplicity results for boundary value problems with potentials oscillating around resonance (Q1365218)

Let \(\Omega\) be a bounded domain in \(\mathbb{R}^N\) and \(\lambda_n\) the \(n\)th eigenvalue of \(-\Delta\) with homogeneous Dirichlet condition. The authors consider the elliptic problem at resonance \[ \Delta u+\lambda_nu+ g(x,u)= 0\quad\text{in }\Omega,\quad u= 0\quad\text{on }\partial\Omega, \] where \(|g(x,s)|\leq \gamma(x)\in L^p(\Omega)\). Denote by \(G(x,s)\) a primitive of \(g(x,s)\) with respect to \(s\) and define the functional \[ f(u)= {1\over 2} \int_\Omega|\nabla u|^2 dx- {\lambda_n\over 2} \int_\Omega u^2dx- \int_\Omega G(x,u)dx. \] The authors assume \(\lambda_n\) to be simple and, denoting by \(\varphi_n\) a corresponding eigenfunction, they impose the following ``oscillation condition'' at infinity: \[ \limsup_{a\to\pm\infty} \int_\Omega G(x,a\varphi_n)dx>- \infty,\quad \liminf_{a\to\pm\infty} \int_\Omega G(x,a\varphi_n)dx= -\infty. \] Then they prove that there exist \(c_*\in\mathbb{R}\) and two sequences \((u_k)_{k\in\mathbb{Z}}\), \((v_j)_{j\in\mathbb{N}}\) of solutions with \(f(u_k)\leq c_*< f(v_j)\), such that \[ \lim_{k\to\pm\infty}\int_\Omega u_k\varphi_n dx=\pm \infty,\quad \lim_{j\to+\infty} \Biggl|\int_\Omega v_j\varphi_n dx\Biggr|= +\infty. \] A partial result also holds, when the oscillation condition is imposed only for \(a\to+\infty\). The techniques are of variational type and are based on a careful construction of suitable minimax classes. Results in the same direction were already obtained, when \(n=1\), in [\textit{P. Habets}, \textit{R. Manasevich}, and \textit{F. Zanolin}, J. Differ. Equations 117, 428-445 (1995; Zbl 0821.34017)].