Local models in the ramified case. II: Splitting models (Q1781949)

This paper is the second in a series of three papers [[PR1] \textit{G. Pappas} and \textit{M. Rapoport}, J. Algebr. Geom. 12, No. 1, 107--145 (2003; Zbl 1063.14029); ``Local models in the ramified case. III: Unitary groups'', 2007, \url{arXiv:math/0702286}]. Their aim is to study the local structure of the reduction of certain Shimura varieties of PEL type with parahoric level structure, by studying the associated local models. In the paper at hand, the following situation is considered: Let \(G = \text{Res}_{F/F_0}GL_d\), where \(F_0\) is a complete discretely valued field, and \(F/F_0\) is a totally ramified extension of degree \(e\). Denote by \(O_F\) the ring of integers of \(F\), and by \(\pi\) a uniformizer. Let \(V\) be a \(d\)-dimensional \(F\)-vector space with basis \(e_1, \dots, e_d\), and let \(\Lambda_i\) be the \(O_F\)-lattice spanned by \(\pi^{-1} e_1, \dots, \pi^{-1}e_i, e_{i+1}, \dots, e_d\). Let \(I \subseteq \{0, \dots, d-1\}\). For each embedding \(\varphi: F \to F_0^{\text{sep}}\) choose an integer \(0 \leq r_\varphi \leq d\), and denote by \(E\) the corresponding reflex field. The corresponding naive local model is the space of compatible families of \(O_F \otimes_{O_{F_0}} \mathcal O_S\)-submodules \((F_i \subseteq \Lambda_i \otimes_{O_{F_0}} \mathcal O_S)_{i\in I}\), such that each \(F_i\) is locally on \(S\) a direct summand as \({\mathcal O}_S\)-module, and such that for \(a \in O_F\), \(\det(a| F_i) = \prod_\varphi \varphi(a)^{r_\varphi}\). The special fiber of the naive local model can be embedded into a partial affine flag variety, and is (at least set-theoretically) a union of Schubert varieties. In the unramified case, i.e. when \(F=F_0\), the naive local model is flat over \(O_E\), but it is not flat in general. Thus in [PR1] the authors introduced the local model \(M^{\text{loc}}_I\), which for \(\# I = 1\) is by definition the flat closure of the generic fiber in the corresponding naive local model, and for general \(I\) is defined as the largest closed subscheme of the naive local model which projects to \(M^{\text{loc}}_{\{i\}} \subseteq M^{\text{naive}}_{\{i\}}\) for all \(i\in I\). \noindent The main innovation of the current paper is the \textit{splitting model} \(M^{\text{spl}}_I\), defined over the ring of integers \(O_K\) of the Galois hull \(K\) of \(F\) in \(F_0^{\text{sep}}\), which provides some kind of resolution of the local model. By definition, it parametrizes compatible families of flags \(0 \subseteq F_i^1 \subseteq \cdots \subseteq F_i^e, i\in I\) of \(O_F \otimes_{O_{F_0}} {\mathcal O}_S\)-submodules in \(\Lambda_i \otimes_{O_{F_0}}{\mathcal O}_S\) (instead of families of subspaces as the naive local model), such that \(F_i^j\) is locally on \(S\) an \({\mathcal O}_S\)-direct summand of rank \(\sum_1^j r_l\), and such that for each \(a \in O_F\), \((a \otimes 1 - 1 \otimes \varphi_j(a))(F_i^j) \subseteq F_i^{j-1}\). (Here an order \(\varphi_1, \dots, \varphi_e\) of the embeddings \(\varphi\) is fixed.) It is shown that the splitting model is isomorphic to a twisted product of unramified local models, and in particular is flat. \noindent Finally the canonical local model is defined as the image of the natural map \(\pi_I: M_I^{\text{spl}} \to M_I^{\text{naive}} \otimes O_K \to M_I^{\text{naive}}\). One has inclusions \(M^{\text{can}}_I \subseteq M^{\text{loc}}_I \subseteq M^{\text{naive}}_I\), and the generic fibers of the three models coincide. The authors then prove the following theorem: the canonical local model coincides with the local model; in other words, the local model is flat over \(O_E\), as conjectured in [PR1]. The special fiber is scheme-theoretically a union of Schubert varieties in the affine flag variety. \noindent In the second part of the paper, the situation for \(\text{Res}_{F/F_0} \text{GSp}_{2g}\) is discussed along the same lines, and with analogous results. In the third part, the sheaf of nearby cycles on \(M_I^{\text{can}} \otimes O_K\) is computed; it is a convolution product of sheaves of nearby cycles on unramified local models. The paper concludes with remarks on splitting and local models in the general PEL case, and about the relation to moduli spaces of abelian varieties.