Euclidean Ramsey theorems. I (Q1393234)

The abstract states: ``The general Ramsey problem can be described as follows: Let \(A\) and \(B\) be two sets, and \(R\) a subset of \(A \times B\). For \(a \in A\) denote by \(R(a)\) the set \(\{b \in B \mid (a,b) \in R \}\). \(R\) is called \(r\)-Ramsey if for any \(r\)-part partition of \(B\) there is some \(a \in A\) with \(R(a)\) is one part. We investigate questions of whether or not certain \(R\) are \(r\)-Ramsey where \(B\) is a Euclidean space and \(R\) is defined geometrically.'' --- Let \(K\) be a set of \(k\) points in Euclidean \(m\)-space \(E^m\). Let \(R(Kn,n,r)\) denote the property: For any \(r\)-coloring of \(E^n\) there is a monochromatic set \(K'\) congruent to \(K\). (More generally, \(K'\) is the image of \(K\) under some element of a group \(H\) of transformations on \(E^n\).) For example, (the authors prove that) if \(P\) is a pair of points distance \(d\) apart then \(R(P,2,7)\) is false [see \textit{L. Moser} and \textit{W.Moser}, Can. Math. Bull. 4, 187-189 (1961)] while \(R(P,2,3)\) is true. [See \textit{H. Hadwiger} and \textit{H. Debrunner}, Combinatorial Geometry in the Plane (German original 1960; Zbl 0089.17302; English transl. with \textit{Klee}, 1964)]. If \(S_3\) is an equilateral triangle of side 1 then \(R(S_3,3,2)\) is true; if \(C_2\) is a unit square, then \(R(C_2,6,2)\) is true; if \(T\) is any set of three points, then \(R(T,3,2)\) is true; if \(T\) is a 30\(^\circ\)--60\(^\circ\) right triangle then \(R(T,2,2)\) is true; if \(L= \{(-1,0),(0,0),(1,1) \}\) then \(R(L,3,2)\) is true, if \(L_k\) denotes the configuration of \(k\) collinear points separated by unit distance, then \(R(L_3,n,4)\), \(R(L_4,n,3)\), \(R(L_5,n,2)\) are false for all \(n\). --- A configuration (set) \(K\) is said to be Ramsey if for each \(r\) there is an \(n\) for which \(R(K,n,r)\) is true. \(K\) is spherical in \(E_m\) if it is embeddable in the surface of a (hyper)sphere. Theorem. If \(K\) is not spherical then \(K\) is not Ramsey. The proof depends on the lemma: Let \(c_1,c_2, \ldots ,c_k,b\) be real numbers, \(b \neq 0\). Then there exists an integer \(r\), and some \(r\)-coloring of the real numbers, such that the equation \(\sum ^k_{i=1}c_i(x_i-x_0)=b\) has no solution \(x_0,x_1, \ldots ,x_k\) where all the \(x_i\) have the same color. This lemma extends the fundamental work of \textit{R. Rado} [Proc. London Math. Soc. 2nd Ser. 48, 122-160 (1943)]. Also proved is: if \(Q\) (the rationals) is colored with \(k\) colors then the equation \((x_1-y_1)(x_2-y_2)=1\) always has solutions with color \(x_i=\) color \(y_i\), \(i=1,2.\) The set of vertices of a rectangular parallelepiped in \(E^n\) is called a brick. ``Every brick is Ramsey'' is a corollary of: If \(K_1 (\subseteq E^n)\) and \(K_2(\subseteq E^m)\) are both Ramsey then so is \(K_1 \times K_2(\subseteq E^{n+m})\). --- The paper combines the best features of exposition, survey, research, and questions for further investigation. It will be read with pleasure by combinatorists, geometers, researchers and students.