Selections and metrisability of manifolds (Q386873)

Consider the following selection principles for families \({\mathcal A}\) and \({\mathcal B}\) of subsets of a set \(X\): \(\bullet\) \(S_1({\mathcal A},{\mathcal B})\): For each sequence \((A_n)_{n<\omega}\) of members of \({\mathcal A}\) there is a sequence \((b_n)_{n<\omega}\) such that \(b_n\in A_n\) for each \(n<\omega\) and \(\{b_n\mid n<\omega\}\in{\mathcal B}\); and \(\bullet\) \(S_{fin}({\mathcal A},{\mathcal B})\): For each sequence \((A_n)_{n<\omega}\) of members of \({\mathcal A}\) there is a sequence \((B_n)_{n<\omega}\) in \([X]^{<\omega}\) such that \(B_n\subset A_n\) for each \(n<\omega\) and \(\bigcup\{B_n\mid n<\omega\}\in{\mathcal B}\). Both have been investigated intensively in recent years for the following families of open covers of a topological space \(X\): \(\bullet\) \({\mathcal K}\), the family of \(k\)-covers of \(X\), i.e., those open covers \({\mathcal U}\) for which \(X\not\in{\mathcal U}\) and every compact subset of \(X\) is contained in some member of \({\mathcal U}\); \(\bullet\) \(\Omega\), the family of \(\omega\)-covers of \(X\), i.e., those open covers \({\mathcal U}\) for which \(X\not\in{\mathcal U}\) and every finite subset of \(X\) is contained in some member of \({\mathcal U}\); \(\bullet\) \(\Lambda\), the family of large covers of \(X\), i.e., those open covers \({\mathcal U}\) for which \(X\not\in{\mathcal U}\) and every point of \(X\) is contained in infinitely many members of \(U\); and \(\bullet\) \({\mathcal O}\), the family of all open covers of \(X\). Note that \({\mathcal K}\subset\Omega\subset \Lambda\subset{\mathcal O}\) and therefore \(S_1({\mathcal K},{\mathcal K})\Rightarrow S_1({\mathcal K},\Omega)\Rightarrow S_1({\mathcal K},\Lambda)\Rightarrow S_1({\mathcal K},{\mathcal O})\). It is shown that, if \(X\) is a manifold, then \(X\) is metrizable if and only if any one of the selection principles \(S_1({\mathcal K},{\mathcal K})\), \(S_1({\mathcal K},\Omega)\), \(S_1({\mathcal K},\Lambda)\) and \(S_1({\mathcal K},{\mathcal O})\) holds. Moreover, in general, \[ \begin{aligned} S_{fin}({\mathcal K},{\mathcal K}) &\Rightarrow S_{fin}({\mathcal K},\Omega)\Rightarrow S_{fin}({\mathcal K}, \Lambda)\Rightarrow S_{fin}({\mathcal K},{\mathcal O}),\\ S_{fin}({\mathcal O}, {\mathcal O}) &\Rightarrow S_{fin}(\Lambda,{\mathcal O})\Rightarrow S_{fin}(\Omega,{\mathcal O})\Rightarrow S_{fin}({\mathcal K},{\mathcal O}),\\ S_{fin}(\Omega,\Omega) &\Rightarrow S_{fin}(\Omega, \Lambda)\Rightarrow S_{fin}(\Omega,{\mathcal O}),\text{ and}\\ S_{fin}(\Lambda,\Lambda) &\Rightarrow S_{fin}(\Lambda,{\mathcal O}).\end{aligned} \] It is also shown that, if \(X\) is a manifold, then \(X\) is metrisable if and only if any one of the selection principles \(S_{fin}({\mathcal K},{\mathcal K})\), \(S_{fin}({\mathcal K},\Omega)\), \(S_{fin}({\mathcal K},\Lambda)\), \(S_{fin}({\mathcal K},{\mathcal O})\), \(S_{fin}({\mathcal O},{\mathcal O})\), \(S_{fin}(\Lambda,{\mathcal O})\), \(S_{fin}(\Omega,{\mathcal O})\), \(S_{fin}(\Omega,\Omega)\), \(S_{fin}(\Omega,\Lambda)\), and \(S_{fin}(\Lambda,\Lambda)\) holds. Additionally, the selection principles are considered for the following families of open covers of a topological space \(X\): \(\bullet\) \(\Gamma_k\), the family of \(\gamma_k\)-covers of \(X\), i.e., those infinite open covers \({\mathcal U}\) for which \(X\not\in{\mathcal U}\) and every compact subset of \(X\) belongs to all but finitely members of \({\mathcal U}\); \(\bullet\) \(\Gamma\), the family of \(\gamma\)-covers of \(X\), i.e., those infinite open covers \({\mathcal U}\) for which \(X\not\in{\mathcal U}\) and every point of \(X\) belongs to all but finitely many members of \({\mathcal U}\); and \(\bullet\) \(T\), the family of \(\tau\)-covers of \(X\), i.e., those large open covers \({\mathcal U}\) such that for each \(x,y\in X\) we have either \(x\in U\) implies \(y\in U\) for all but finitely many \(U\in{\mathcal U}\), or \(y\in U\) implies \(x\in U\) for all but finitely many \(U\in{\mathcal U}\). It turns out that, if \(X\) is a manifold, then \(X\) is metrisable if and only if any one of the selection principles \(S_1({\mathcal K},\Gamma_k)\), \(S_1({\mathcal K},\Gamma)\), \(S_1({\mathcal K}, T)\), \(S_{fin}({\mathcal K},\Gamma_k)\), \(S_{fin}({\mathcal K},\Gamma)\), and \(S_{fin}({\mathcal K},T)\) holds. Finally, if \({\mathcal D}\) is the family of collections of open subsets of a topological space \(X\) whose union is dense in \(X\), then, if \(X\) is a manifold, \(X\) is separable if and only if any one of the selection principles \(S_1({\mathcal K},{\mathcal D})\), \(S_1(\Omega,{\mathcal D})\), \(S_1(\Lambda,{\mathcal D})\), \(S_1({\mathcal O},{\mathcal D})\), \(S_1({\mathcal D},{\mathcal D})\), \(S_{fin}({\mathcal K},{\mathcal D})\), \(S_{fin}(\Omega,{\mathcal D})\), \(S_{fin}(\Lambda,{\mathcal D})\), \(S_{fin}({\mathcal O},{\mathcal D})\), and \(S_{fin}({\mathcal D},{\mathcal D})\) holds.