On the Noether and the Cayley-Bacharach theorems with PD multiplicities (Q2208706)

In this article, both the Noether and the Cayley-Bacharach theorems are proved with arbitrary PD multiplicities. The theorems are concerned with a mathematical scheme that is essentially a generalisation of the Lagrange interpolation process; when Lagrange interpolation with polynomials is computed, the approximant is required to match the approximant pointwise at certain data points. The function evaluation at those data points can be generalised to linear operators of various kinds. These can include derivatives and evaluations (leading to Hermite interpolation) or integrals (averages) etc. In this case, Lagrange interpolants are computed with conditions that are defined via differential equations. If such interpolation (linear) problems are uniquely solvable, they are called \(n\) correct (of certain orders \(n\)). Lagrange interpolants can also be expressed by fundamental functions (``Lagrange functions'') or fundamental polynomials. If a set of operators provides a fundamental function of order \(n\) for each of its elements, it is called \(n\) independent. The Noether theorem which the authors prove in this context provides a decomposition of polynomials \(f\) of degree \(k\), say, as \(f=Ap+Bq\) where the degrees of \(A\), \(B\), \(p\) and \(q\) are \(k-m\), \(k-n\), \(m\) and \(n\), respectively. The polynomials \(p\) and \(q\) must not have an intersection at \(\infty\) and \(f\) must vanish at \(M_\lambda(p,q)\) for all \(\lambda\) in \(p\) and \(q\). The \(M_\lambda(p,q)\) is the intersection of the multiplicity spaces \(M_\lambda(p)\) and \(M_\lambda(q)\), where \(M_\lambda(p)\) and \(M_\lambda(q)\) are the \[ M_\lambda(r)=\{h\mid D^\alpha h(D)r(\lambda)=0\forall\alpha\in\mathcal{Z}^2_+\} \] with \(r=p,q\). Additionally to the proof of the Noether theorem which is given as an example here, the authors prove the so-called Cayley-Bacharach theorem in a similar context.