Hodge classes and Tate classes on simple abelian fourfolds (Q1895997)

For a smooth projective variety \(X\) over the field \(\mathbb{C}\) of complex numbers, the \(n\)-th cohomology group \(H^n(X,\mathbb{Q})\) carries a Hodge structure. A rational cohomology class \(c\in H^{2r}(X,\mathbb{Q})\) is called a Hodge class if \(c\in H^{2r}(X,\mathbb{Q})\cap H^{r,r}\). A Hodge class \(c\) is called exceptional, if it is not expressed as a linear combination with rational coefficients of cup products of divisor classes. In the present paper the author shows that for a simple abelian fourfold \(X\) over \(\mathbb{C}\), \(X\) supports exceptional Hodge classes if and only if \(\text{End}^0(X)\) contains an imaginary quadratic field \(k\) which is stable under all Rosati involutions and \(\text{Lie}(X)\) becomes a free \(k\otimes\mathbb{C}\) module. Here a subalgebra \(B\) of \(\text{End}^0(X)\) is called stable under all Rosati involutions if \(\iota_\lambda(B)=B\) for every polarization \(\lambda\) with associated Rosati involution \(\iota_\lambda\). The authors also show that the if part is true for all simple abelian varieties of dimension \(\geq 4\). For an abelian fourfold \(X\) defined over a number field \(K\), the authors also consider the Tate class \(c\in H_{\text{ét}}^{2p} (X_{\overline{K}}, \mathbb{Q}_\ell)\). Here \(c\in H_{\text{ét}}^{2p} (X_{\overline{K}}, \mathbb{Q}_\ell)\) is called a Tate class if for any \(\sigma\in \text{Gal}(\overline{K}/K)\) we have \(\sigma(c)= \chi_\ell (\sigma)^{-p}\cdot c\) for the cyclotomic character \(\chi_\ell: \text{Gal} (\overline{K}/K)\to \mathbb{Q}_\ell^*\). A Tate class is called exceptional, if it is not a linear combination with \(\mathbb{Q}_\ell\) coefficients of cup products of divisor classes. Now the similar result holds for a Tate class. Namely, the authors show that for a simple abelian fourfold \(X\) defined over a number field \(K\), \(X\) supports exceptional Tate classes if and only if \(\text{End}^0 (X_{\overline{K}})\) contains an imaginary quadratic field \(k\) which is stable under all Rosati involutions and \(\text{Lie} (X_{\overline{K}})\) becomes a free \(k\otimes \overline{K}\) module. Moreover, the if part is true for all simple abelian varieties of dimension \(\geq 4\) defined over a number field. The proof is based on the theory of Hodge groups and the algebraic envelop of the image of the representation \(\rho_\ell: \text{Gal} (\overline{K}/K)\to GL(T_\ell(X)\otimes \mathbb{Q}_\ell)\), where \(T_\ell(X)\) is the Tate module of \(X\).