The density of rational points on a Pfaff curve (Q541753)

Let \(U\subset \mathbb R^n\) be an open domain; A Pfaffian chain of order \(r\geq 0\) and degree \(\alpha\geq 1\) in \(U\) is a sequence of real analytic functions \(f_1,\dots,f_r\) in \(U\) satisfying differential equations \[ df_j=\sum_{i=1}^n g_{ij} (\mathbf x,f_1(\mathbf x),f_2(\mathbf x),\dots,f_j(\mathbf x) ) dx_i\qquad (j=1,\dots,r), \] where \(\mathbf x=(x_1,\dots,x_n)\) and \(g_{ij}\in\mathbb R[x_1,\dots,x_n,y_1,\dots,y_n]\) of degree \(\leq \alpha\). A function \(f\) on \(U\) is called a Pfaffian function of order \(r\) and degree \((\alpha,\beta)\) if \(f(\mathbf x)=P(\mathbf x,f_1(\mathbf x),f_2(\mathbf x),\dots,f_r(\mathbf x))\), where \(P\) is a polynomial of degree at most \(\beta\geq 1\). This class of functions was introduced by \textit{A.~G.~Khovanskii} [Fewnomials. Translations of Mathematical Monographs, 88. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (1991; Zbl 0728.12002)] and [\textit{A. Gabrielov} and \textit{N. Vorobjov}, Complexity of computations with Pfaffian and Noetherian functions. Normal forms, bifurcations and finiteness problems in differential equations, Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, NATO Sci. Ser. II Math. Phys. Chem. 137, 211--250 (2004; Zbl 1231.37002)]. Let \(X\subset \mathbb R^2\) be a Pfaff curve; suppose \(X\) is not semi algebraic. There is a constant \(c(r,\alpha,\beta)\) such that, for \(H\geq e\), \[ \#\{P\in X(\mathbb Q) \mid H(P\leq H\} \leq c(\log H)^\gamma \] with \(\gamma=5(r+2)\). This answers a Conjecture from the author (conjecture 1.3 of [\textit{J. Pila}, Comment. Math. Univ. St. Pauli 55, No. 1, 1--8 (2006); erratum 55, No. 2, 231 (2006; Zbl 1129.11029)]). The proofs elaborate on the previous work by the author [\textit{J. Pila}, Proc. Edinb. Math. Soc., II. Ser. 49, No. 2, 391--397 (2006; Zbl 1097.11037)].