A modularity criterion for Klein forms, with an application to modular forms of level 13 (Q616688)

Klein forms are certain infinite products involving variable \(\tau\) in the upper half plane \({\mathfrak H}\) and a term \(z= r_1\tau+ r_2\) where \(r_1\), \(r_2\) are rational and not both integral. Under modular substitutions \(\alpha=\begin{pmatrix} a & b\\ c & d\end{pmatrix}\in \text{SL}_2(\mathbb Z)\) they transform into Klein forms with other rational parameters and a weight \(-1\) factor \((c\tau+ d)^{-1}\). So one can construct modular forms on subgroups of \(\text{SL}_2(\mathbb Z)\) by suitably chosen products of Klein forms. The resulting functions are holomorphic without zeros on \({\mathfrak H}\), but possibly with zeros and poles in cusps. Thus their reciprocals share the same properties, and one gets modular units. A basic reference for Klein forms is [Modular units. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. 244. New York etc.: Springer-Verlag (1981; Zbl 0492.12002)] by \textit{D. Kubert} and \textit{S. Lang}. There a criterion is given that a product of Klein forms is a modular form on the principal congruence subgroup \(\Gamma(N)\). The authors prove (in Theorem 2.6) a similar criterion for the group \(\Gamma_1(N)\) of matrices \(\alpha\equiv\begin{pmatrix} 1 & *\\ 0 & 1\end{pmatrix}\pmod N\), and, moreover, they give a formula for the orders at cusps of their functions. Among other applications of their criterion, they, construct a basis consisting of products of Klein forms for the 13-dimensional space of holomorphic modular forms of weight 2 on \(\Gamma_1(13)\). The theta series of a certain positive definite quaternary quadratic form of determinant 13 is written in terms of this basis, and this is used to compute Fourier coefficients of this function, i.e., representation numbers \(r_Q(n)\) for this quadratic form. The data give evidence for the identity \(r_Q(p^2n)= r_Q(p^2)r_Q(n)/r_Q(1)\) for any prime \(p\neq 13\) and any positive integer \(n\), prime to \(p\). This is proved conditionally under certain assumptions on \(r_Q(p)\) and \(r_Q(p^2)\) by using Hecke operators.