After Plancherel formula (Q2330907)

The paper is devoted to two topics in harmonic analysis, here the author is one of pathfinders: (1) an interaction of an overalgebra with the spectral decomposition, (2) a separation of non-uniform spectra (in particular, the Gelfand-Gindikin program using complex hulls). These topics are formulated and accompanied by three examples. The author gives also a survey of modern status of the problems and indicate some non-solved problems that definitely are solvable. (1) Let \(G\) be a Lie group, \(\mathfrak g\) its Lie algebra, \(H\subset G\) a subgroup. Let \(\sigma\) be an irreducible unitary representation of \(G\). Assume that we know an explicit spectral decomposition of restriction of \(\sigma\) to \(H\). To write the action of the overalgebra \(\mathfrak g\) in this spectral decomposition. Example 1. Let \(G=\mathrm{GL}(4,\mathbb R)\), let \(\sigma\) be the representation of \(G\) in \(L^2\) on the Grassmannian \(\mathrm{Gr}^2_4\) (the set of all two-dimensional linear subspaces in \(\mathbb R^4\)), \(H=D\times D\) where \(D=\mathrm{GL}(2,\mathbb R)\). The \(\sigma\) generates the action of the Lie algebra \(\mathfrak g=\mathfrak {gl}(4)\). Representations of principal series of \(D\) are labelled by two complex numbers \(\mu_1\) and \(\mu_2\) and two discrete parameters \(\varepsilon_1, \varepsilon_2 \in \{0,1\}\). The Fourier transform moves a function \(F\in C_0^\infty(D)\) to the operator \[ T_{\mu_1, \varepsilon_1; \mu_2, \varepsilon_2}(F) = \int_{D} \, F(g) T_{\mu_1, \varepsilon_1; \mu_2, \varepsilon_2}(g) \, dg \] acting in functions on \(\mathbb R\). Let \(K(t,s| \, \mu_1,\mu_2; \varepsilon_1, \varepsilon_2)\) be its kernel. Explicit formulas are written for some basis elements \(e_{ij}\) of \(\mathfrak {g}\), namely, for \(e_{12}\), \(e_{43}\), \(e_{14}\), \(e_{32}\). For example, \begin{align*} &\sigma(e_{14}) K(t,s| \,\mu_1, \varepsilon_1; \mu_2, \varepsilon_2)=\\ &=\frac{\mu_1-1/2}{\mu_1-\mu_2} \cdot \frac{\partial}{\partial s} \, K(t,s| \, \mu_1-1, \varepsilon_1-1; \mu_2, \varepsilon_2)\\ &+ \frac{\mu_2-1/2}{\mu_1-\mu_2} \cdot \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \, K(t,s| \, \mu_1, \varepsilon_1; \mu_2-1, \varepsilon_2-1) \end{align*} Operators \(\sigma(e_{ij})\) are differential-difference, they contain shifts transversal to the contour in Plancherel formula (``shifts in imaginary direction''). (2) Let a Lie group \(G\) act on a manifold \(M\) and in \(L^2(M)\). To write explicitly the decomposition of a unitary representation \(\rho\) of \(G\) in \(L^2(M)\) into pieces with uniform spectrum. Example 2. Let \(\mathcal X\subset\mathbb R^3\) be a one-sheet hyperboloid \(-x_1^2+x_2^2+x_3^2=1\). The group of translations is \(\mathrm{SO}_0(1,2)\) or \(G=\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb R)\) factorized by the center \(\{\pm 1\}\). The quasiregular representation \(\rho\) of \(G\) decomposes into unitary representations of continuous series with multiplicity 2 and representations of holomorphic and antiholomorphic series with multiplicity 1. The hyperboloid can be realized as a torus \(\overline{\mathbb R} \times \overline{\mathbb R}\) without the diagonal. The group \(G\) acts diagonally on \(\overline{\mathbb R} \times \overline{\mathbb R}\) by fraction linear transformations. The \(\rho\) is equivalent to the tensor product \(T\otimes T\) where \(T\) is the representation of \(G\) acting in \(L^2(\mathbb R)\) by \[ (T(g)\varphi)(t) =\varphi\left(\frac{b+td}{a+tc}\right)\, (a+tc)^{-1}, \ \ \ g= \left( \begin{array} {ll} a & b\\ c & d \end{array} \right). \eqno (1) \] It is the sum \(T=T^+ + T^-\) where \(T^\pm\) acts in boundary values of functions in the Hardy space \(H^2(\Pi_{\pm})\) on the upper and lower half-planes \(\Pi_{\pm}\) in \(\overline{\mathbb C}\). Therefore \(\rho\) splits into four summands \(T^\pm \otimes T^\pm\). They act in functions continued holomorphically to domains \(\Pi_{\pm}\times\Pi_{\pm}\) respectively. Cases \(\{++\}\), \(\{--\}\) correspond to holomorphic and antiholomorphic series respectively, and cases \(\{+-\}\), \(\{-+\}\) correspond to the continuous series. Example 3. Let \(G=\mathrm{SO}_0(1,q-1)\) and \({\widetilde G}=\mathrm{SO}_0(1,q)\) its overgroup. It consists of block \((1+q)\times(1+q)\) matrices \(g\) of form (1). It acts transitively on the cone \(-x_0^2+x_1^2+\ldots+x_q^2=0\), \(x_0>0\), in \(\mathbb R^{1+q}\). It gives an action of \({\widetilde G}\) on the sphere \(S^{q-1}\) in \(\mathbb R^q\) which is the section of the cone by the hyperplane \(x_0=1\), namely, \(x\mapsto x\cdot g=(a+xc)^{-1}(b+xd)\). For \(\lambda \in {\mathbb C}\), a representation \(T^q_\lambda\) of the group \({\widetilde G}\) acts in a space of functions \(f(x)\) on \(S^{q-1}\) by \[ \left(T^q_{\lambda}(g)f\right) (x)=f\left(x\cdot g\right) \ (a+xc)^{\lambda-(q-1)/2}, \] The \(T^q_\lambda\) form three series of unitary representations: principal (\(\lambda=it\)), complementary (\(\lambda=s\), \(0<s<(q-1)/2\)) and discrete. The restriction \(\rho_s\) to \(G\) of complementary series representation \(T^q_s\) is of special interest. The group \(G\) has 3 orbits on \(S^{q-1}\): two hemispheres \(x_q>0\), \(x_q<0\) (they are equivalent to the \(q-1\)-dimensional Lobachevsky space) and the equator \(x_q=0\). Respectively \(\rho_s\) decomposes in representations of the principal series \(T^{q-1}_{it}\) twice and of complementary series \(T^{q-1}_{s-k}\), \(0\leqslant k < s-1/2\), with multiplicity one. The \(T^{q-1}_{s-k}\) are boundary representations, they act in distributions concentrated at the equator, namely, in linear combinations of \(\varphi_j(x) \delta^{(j)}(x_q)\), \(0\leqslant j < s-1/2\). For the entire collection see [Zbl 1417.53002].