\(L_{p, q}\)-cohomology and normal solvability (Q2642244)

Let \(M\) be a Riemannian manifold. For \(p\in[0,\infty[\), let \(L_p^j(M)\) be the Banach space of \(L_p\) differential forms of degree \(i\) on \(M\). The (weak) de Rham differential \(d\omega\) of an \(L_{1,\text{loc}}\) differential form \(\omega\) can be defined in a distributional sense. Let \[ W_{p,q}^j(M)=\{\omega\in L_p^j(M)\;| \;d\omega\in L_q^{j+1}(M)\}, \] be endowed with the norm given by \[ \| \omega\| _{W_{p,q}^j(M)}=\| \omega\| _{L_p^j(M)}+\| d\omega\| _{L_q^{j+1}(M)}. \] Let \(V_{p,q}^j(M)\) denote the closure in \(W_{p,q}^j(M)\) of the subspace of smooth differential forms compactly supported in the interior of \(M\). Let \[ Z_q^j(M)=\{\omega\in L_q^j(M)\;| \;d\omega=0\},\qquad B_{p,q}^j(M)=d(W_{p,q}^{j-1}(M)). \] The \(L_{p,q}\)-cohomology is defined by \[ H_{p,q}^j(M)=Z_q^j(M)/B_{p,q}^j(M), \] whose reduction is \[ \overline{H}_{p,q}^j(M)=Z_q^j(M)/\overline{B_{p,q}^j(M)}, \] where the closure is taken in \(L_q^j(M)\). Let \(\Gamma\) be a closed subspace of \(W_{p,q}^j(M)\) containing \(V_{p,q}^j(M)\), and let \(d_\Gamma\) denote the closed linear operator from \(L_p^j(M)\) into \(L_q^{j+1}(M)\) that coincides with \(d\) on \(\Gamma\). This operator induces an injective densely defined operator from \(L_p^j(M)/\ker d_\Gamma\) onto \(d\Gamma\), whose inverse \(d_\Gamma^{-1}:d\Gamma\to L_p^j(M)/\ker d_\Gamma\) is continuous if and only if \(d\Gamma\) is closed in \(L_q^{j+1}(M)\); in this case, \(d_\Gamma\) is called normally solvable. In the first part of the paper, it is shown that \(d_\Gamma\) is not normally solvable for certain surfaces of revolution, and thus their \(L_{p,q}\)-cohomology is not Hausdorff. In the second part, the author considers the general Heisenberg group \(\mathbb{H}_n\), and shows that \(\dim H_{p,q}^1(\mathbb{H}_n)=\infty\).