An explicit bound of the number of vanishing double moments forcing composition (Q2636648)

A pair of functions \(A\) and \(B\) satisfies the composition condition on the interval \([a,b]\) if there exist functions \(u,A_{1},B_{1}\), with \(u(a)=u(b)\) and \[ \widetilde{A}(s)=\int_{a}^{s} \,A(z)\, dz=A_{1}(u(s)),\,\widetilde{B}(s)=\int_{a}^{s} \,B(z)\,dz =B_{1}(u(s)). \] It is known that if \(A\) and \(B\) satisfy this composition condition then the origin is a center for the differential equation \[ \dot{x}=A\,x^{3} + B \,x^2. \] For polynomial functions \(A\) and \(B\) of degree \(n\), the authors prove that the composition condition is satisfied if and only if one of the following conditions is satisfied: (i) \(\int_{a}^{b}\, A\,ds=\int_{a}^{b}\,\widetilde{A}^{i} \,\widetilde{B}^{j} \,B\,ds=0,\,i+j \leq 2n-3\). (ii) \(\int_{a}^{b} \,B\,ds= \int_{a}^{b}\,\widetilde{A}^{i}\,\widetilde{B}^{j} \,A\,ds=0,\, i+j \leq 2n-3\). A similar result is proved when \(A\) and \(B\) are trigonometric polynomials of degree \(n\) and with minimal common period \(2\pi/k\). In this case, \(a=0, b=2\pi\), and the conditions are satisfied when \(i+j \leq 4n/k-3\). The results improve similar results in which the conditions are satisfied for all \(i\) and \(j\).