Solvability of a class of periodic problems on the plane (Q2659261)

The authors study the existence of periodic solutions for a class of systems of first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations on the plane: \[z'=P(t,z)+f(t,z),\quad z\in\mathbb{C},\quad t\in(0,2\pi),\quad z(0)=z(2\pi),\] where \(\mathbb{C}\) is the complex plane, \(z=x+iy\), \(P\in\mathcal{P}_{m}\) and \(f\in\mathcal{R}_{m}\), \(m>1\). Here \(\mathcal{P}_{m}\) is the set of mappings \(P:\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{C}\rightarrow\mathbb{C}\) satisfying the following conditions \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] \(P(t,z)\) is jointly continuous and \(2\pi\)-periodic in \(t\). \item[(b)] \(P(t,\lambda z)=\lambda^{m}P(t,z)\) for each \(\lambda>0\); i.e., \(P(t,z)\) is positively homogeneous in \(z\). \item[(c)] For each \(t_{0}\in[0,2\pi]\), the autonomous system \[w'=P(t_{0},w)\] does not have bounded nonzero trajectories. \end{itemize} The set \(\mathcal{R}_{m}\) consists of continuous mappings \(f:\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{C}\rightarrow\mathbb{C}\) that are \(2\pi\)-periodic in \(t\) and satisfy the condition: \[\lim_{|z|\rightarrow\infty}(|z|^{-m}\max_{0\le t\le 2\pi}|f(t,z)|)=0.\] The given periodic problem is investigated by the a priori estimate method and the method of calculating the rotation of vector fields. The following results are obtained in the present paper: \begin{itemize} \item[1.] The homotopy invariance of the solvability property of the given periodic problem is established for any perturbation \(f\in\mathcal{R}_{m}\). \item[2.] A description of the homotopy classes in the set \(\mathcal{P}_{m}\) is given. \item[3.] A necessary and sufficient condition for the solvability of the given periodic problem is formulated and proved for \(P\in\mathcal{P}_{m}\) under any perturbation \(f\in\mathcal{R}_{m}\). \end{itemize} In this paper, three theorems are proved on the subject. The first theorem states that in each homotopy class, the solvability of the given periodic problem is preserved under any perturbation \(f\in\mathcal{R}_{m}\). The homotopy invariance of the solvability property of the periodic problem is established. The next theorem provides a description of the homotopy classes in the set \(P\in\mathcal{P}_{m}\). Then, the last theorem includes necessary and sufficient condition for the solvability of the periodic problem.