Realising equivelar toroids of type \(\{4,4\}\) (Q309653)

An equivelar toroid of type \(\{4,4\}\) is a map on some surface with quadrilateral faces meeting four at each vertex. In this paper, the authors show that every toroid of this kind can be realized faithfully and symmetrically in the \(3\)-sphere \(\mathbb{S}^3\) and projective space \(\mathbb{P}^3\). Indeed, the core of the paper consists in proving that such a toroid can be inscribed with its vertices a subset of those of a regular toroid, which in turn follows from a systematic analysis of what these toroids look like. In fact, the main result is more general, observing that, if every regular toroid of type \(\{4,4\}\) can be realized faithfully and symmetrically in some metric space \(\mathcal{S}\), so that its vertices lie in \(\mathcal{S}\), its edges are geodesics in \(\mathcal{S}\) and all its abstract symmetries are given by isometries of \(\mathcal{S}\), then so can any equivelar toroid of type \(\{4,4\}\) be realized in \(\mathcal{S}\).