Isolated horizons in \(2+1\) gravity (Q1394598)

The Einstein gravity in \((2+1)\)-dimensions is very simple. The space-time is flat outside the region where matter is located. Nevertheless, the \((2+1)\)-dimensional gravity is investigated extensively, because it is an easy approach for the natural physical interpretations, in the quantum mechanics, in the quantum gravity and for a physical model of black holes. The spirit of the analysis of the \((2+1)\)-dimensional gravity is diverse. In this paper the methods used are the same as in higher dimensions, with the cosmological constant being non-zero, since, in this case, for \((2+1)\)-dimension, the black holes exist. The important differences for higher dimensions exist. Are introduced the notion of non-expanding, the notions of weakly isolated and isolated horizons. The Hamilton methods and the analog of the Newman-Penrose framework are used. The ambiguity which appears for the horizon mass is eliminated because the Maxwell potential diverges logarithmically. The main consequences are obtained. This brilliant paper presents new ideas and new problems. The extensive references are given.