Bounds for strengthened Hardy and Pólya-Knopp's differences (Q983499)

The authors consider four differences of Hardy's type: \(F\), \(\widetilde{F}\), \(G\) and \(\widetilde{G}\). Let us define the difference \(F\): \[ F(s)=\int_0^b v(x)\varphi_s(f(x))\,\frac{dx}{x}- \int_0^bu(x)\varphi_s \left(\frac 1x \int_0^xf(t)\,dt\right)\frac{dx}{x} \] where \(u:(0,b)\rightarrow {\mathbb R}\) is a nonnegative function such that \(x\mapsto \frac{u(x)}{x}\) is locally integrable on \((0,b)\), \((0<b\leq \infty)\), the function \(v\) is defined by \( v(t)=t\int_t^b\frac{u(x)}{x^2} \,dx\), and \(\varphi_s(x)= \frac{x^s}{s(s-1)}\) for \( s\not= 0,1\), \(\varphi_0(x)=-\log x \) and \(\varphi_1(x)=x\log x\). The difference \(\widetilde{F}\) is connected to the dual Hardy's inequality and it is defined by \[ \widetilde{F}(s) = \int_b^{\infty} v(x)\varphi_s(f(x))\frac{dx}{x}-\int_b^{\infty} u(x)\varphi_s\left(x\int_x^{\infty}\frac{f(t)}{t^2}dt\right)\frac{dx}{x} \] where \(v(t)=\frac{1}{t}\int_b^tu(x)\,dx\) \((0\leq b\leq \infty)\). If in the above-mentioned definitions we substitute \(\varphi_s\) with \(\varphi_s\), where \( \varphi_s(x)= \frac{1}{s^2}e^{sx}\) for \(s\not=0\) and \(\psi_0(x)=\frac{1}{2} x^2,\) then the new differences are denoted by \(G(s)\) and \(\widetilde{G}(s)\). The authors prove that functions \(F\), \(\widetilde{F}\), \(G\) and \(\widetilde{G}\) are log-convex. Also, they prove improvements and reverses of the strengthened classical Hardy's inequality, of its dual and of the Pólya-Knopp inequality.