Essential spectrum and Weyl asymptotics for discrete Laplacians (Q744950)

In the present article, some discrete Laplacians on several types of graphs are treated and refined results on the lower bounds of the spectrum and of the essential spectrum are proved. Moreover, eigenvalues below the essential spectrum are studied and Weyl asymptotics for eigenvalues are obtained. Besides, probabilistic understandings of the bottom of the spectrum and of the essential spectrum are provided. Consequently, by a coupling argument, new comparison results for the bottom of the spectrum and the essential spectrum of different weighted discrete Laplacians are established. In their arguments, the Hardy inequality associated with discrete Laplacians, which can be seen as an integrated version of Picone's identity, and the use of super-harmonic functions play crucial roles. Five graphs (trees) have also been cited as concrete examples; {\parindent=0.7cm \begin{itemize}\item[(i)] the simple graph given by the growing tree with complete graph on spheres with weight \(1\), \item[(ii)] the simple graph given by the \(d(\geqq 2)\)-ary tree with the complete graph on each sphere and with weight \(1\), \item[(iii)] the graph which satisfies the essential spectrum of normalized Laplacian is \(\{1\}\) and the limit inferior at space infinity of the total unweighted degree is finite, \item[(iv)] the graph given by a simple tree with \(\alpha\) or \(\beta\) (\(\alpha\leqq \beta\)) sons at each generation, \item[(v)] a simple infinite bipartite graph satisfying some conditions (a weakly spherically symmetric graph). \end{itemize}} Among them, the example (iii) gives the answer of the question imposed by \textit{K. Fujiwara} [Duke Math. J. 83, No. 1, 191--202 (1996; Zbl 0856.58044)]. Although these except for (iii) are those that cannot be handled in the framework of the existing results, they are controllable by the results newly obtained in this paper.