Some consequences of Duhamel's formula for weak solutions of time- dependent Schrödinger equations (Q795984)

Unitary propagators for the time-dependent Schrödinger equation \(u'(t)=iH_ I(t)u(t),\) where \(H_ I(t)=\exp(-itH_ 0)V^{\exp(itH_ 0)}, H_ 0=((1/i)d/dx)^ m\) on \(L^ 2(R^ 1)\), and V is a sesquilinear form defined on \(Q(H_ 0)\), are shown to satisfy the corresponding integral equation in a weak sense; as a consequence, Duhamel's formula for the unitary groups generated by \(H_ 0+V\) is established, providing a simple proof of strong group convergence of \(\exp(it(H_ 0+V_ n))\) to \(\exp(it(H_ 0+V))\) when \(V_ n\to V\) in the strong operator topology of \(L(H^ 1,H^{-1})\), and \(\| V_ n\|_{1,-1}\leq a<1\) for some constant a independent of n. This continuity provides a connection between the unitary propagator method of obtaining self-adjoint operators \(H_ 0+V\) previously studied by the author and \textit{I. E. Segal} [J. Funct. Anal. 38, 71-98 (1980; Zbl 0454.47014)], and the ''pseudo-Friedrichs extension'' discussed by \textit{T. Kato} [cf. Perturbation theory for linear operators (1976; Zbl 0342.47009)].