Extrinsic Diophantine approximation on manifolds and fractals (Q2346428)

Let \(d \geq 1\) and \(S\) a subset of \({\mathbb R}^d\). The notion of \textit{extrinsic Diophantine approximation} alludes to approximating points in \(S\) by rational points in \({\mathbb R}^d\) outside of \(S\). This is the main focus of the paper under review, which establishes an analogue of Dirichlet's approximation theorem for the case of extrinsic Diophantine approximation on some sets. Specifically, the main result of the paper is as follows. Let \(S \subseteq {\mathbb R}^ d\) be either a real analytic manifold or the limit set of an iterated function system, and assume that \(S\) does not contain a line segment. Then for each \({\mathbf x} = (x_1,\dots,x_d) \in S \setminus {\mathbb Q}^d\) there exists a positive constant \(C_{{\mathbf x}}\) such that infinitely many points \(\frac{\mathbf p}{q} = \left( \frac{p_1}{q},\dots,\frac{p_d}{q} \right) \in {\mathbb Q}^d \setminus S\) satisfy the inequality \[ \max_{1 \leq k \leq d} \left| \frac{p_k}{q} - x_d \right| \leq \frac{C_{{\mathbf x}}}{q^{1+1/d}}. \] Furthermore, the function \(\mathbf x \to C_{{\mathbf x}}\) is bounded on compact sets. The authors also present some generalizations of this statement and related results. As a corollary of their main result, the authors establish the exact analogue of Dirichlet's classical theorem for the Cantor set.