Approximation in Müntz spaces \(M_{\Lambda,p}\) of \(L_p\) functions for \(1<p<\infty\) and bases (Q2358230)

A sequence \(\Lambda=(\lambda_k)\) of reals \(\geq 0\) satisfies the Müntz condition if \(\sum_k 1/\lambda_k<\infty\) and the gap condition if \(\inf_k\{\lambda_{k+1}-\lambda_k\}>0\). The gap condition can be interpreted as ``the set \(\Lambda\) isn't too concentrated anywhere''. For \(\mathbb{F}=\mathbb{R}\) or \(\mathbb{C}\) and \(1\leq p<\infty\), \(M_{\Lambda,p}(\mathbb{F})\) denotes the closed linear span of \(\{t^{\lambda_k}\}\) in \(L_p [0,1]\) (over \(\mathbb{F}\)). The first main result (Theorem 1) states that if two Müntz-gap-sequences are sufficiently close, then the resulting Müntz spaces (in a common \(L_p\)) are isomorphic. The consequence is that for many purposes one may assume that \(\Lambda\) consists of natural numbers only. The second main result (Theorem 2) is of a more technical type. It can be stated as ``when the Müntz sequence consists of naturals then, up to an isomorphism and a change of variables, \(M_{\Lambda,p}(\mathbb{F})\) belongs to Weil-Nagy's class.'' The third main result (Theorem 3), with which the paper culminates, is that when \(\Lambda\) is a Müntz-gap-sequence and \(p>1\), then \(M_{\Lambda,p}(\mathbb{F})\) has a Schauder basis. Reviewer's remark: In a later paper in the same journal [ibid. 5, No. 3, Article ID 35 (2017; \url{doi:10.3390/math5030035})], the author proves the last result also in the case when the Müntz space is considered in \(C[0,1]\), thus answering quite a long-standing problem in the positive.