Radius of univalence of certain combination of univalent and analytic functions (Q411981)

Let \(A\) denote the family of all functions analytic in the unit disk \(\mathbb{D}:=\{z \in \mathbb{C}:|z|<1\}\) and satisfying the normalization \(f(0)=0=f^{\prime}(0)-1\). Let \[ S=\{f \in A : f \text{ is univalent in } \mathbb{D} \}. \] We say that a function \(f \in S\) is starlike if \(f(\mathbb{D})\) is a domain with the property that the segment \([0,w]:=\{tw\mid 0 \leq t \leq 1\}\subset f(\mathbb{D})\) for each \(w \in f(\mathbb{D})\). Let \(U\) denote the set of all \(f \in A\) satisfying the condition \[ \displaystyle{\left|f^{\prime}(z) \left(\frac{z}{f(z)} \right)^{2} -1 \right|<1} \] for \(z \in \mathbb{D}\). Functions in \(U\) are known to be univalent in \(\mathbb{D}\), but functions in \(S\) do not necessarily belong to the class \(U\). Moreover, functions in \(U\) are not necessarily starlike. Set \(U_{2}=\{f \in U : f^{\prime \prime}(0)=0\}\). It is known that each function in \(U_{2}\) is included in the class \(P(1/2)\), where \[ P(1/2)=\{f \in A : \mathrm{Re}\;(f(z)/z)>1/2\}. \] We remark that \(K\subset P(1/2)\), where \(K\) denotes the class of all functions \(f \in S\) that are convex, i.e., \(f(\mathbb{D})\) is a convex domain. Throughout the paper the function \(F\) is defined by \(F(z)=\frac{zf(z)}{g(z)}\), where \(f\) is either in \(S\) or in \(U\) and \(g \in A\) is suitably chosen so that \(g(z)/z\) does not vanish in the unit disk \(\mathbb{D}\). One of the aims of this article is to find \(r_{0}\in (0,1]\) such that the function \(F\) is univalent in the disk \(|z|<r_{0}\). In each case, finding the largest value for the number \(r_{0}\) satisfying the desired conclusion is an open problem. The main results are the following: Theorem 1.1. Let \(f \in U\) and \(g \in P(1/2)\). Then \(F\) is univalent in \(|z|<r_{0}\), where \[ \displaystyle{r_{0}=\frac{-\sqrt{6}+\sqrt{18+\pi\sqrt{6}}}{2\sqrt{6}+\pi}\approx 0.325793}. \] Theorem 1.2. Let \(f \in U\) and \(g \in S\). Then \(F\) is univalent in \(|z|<r_{0}\), where \[ \displaystyle{r_{0}=\frac{2}{3+\sqrt{25+8\pi / \sqrt{6}}}\approx 0.223763}. \] Theorem 1.3. Let \(f \in S\) and \(g \in P(1/2)\). Then \(F\) is univalent in \(|z|<r_{0},\) where \(r_{0}\approx 0.315449\) is the smallest root of the equation \[ 4r^{5}+6r^{4}-8r^{3}-4r^{2}+5r-1=0 \] that lies in the interval \((0,(\sqrt{3}-1)/2)\). Theorem 1.4. Let \(f,g \in S\). Then \(F\) is univalent in \(|z|<r_{0},\) where \(r_{0}\approx 0.21734\) is the root of the equation \[ 20r^{5}+16r^{4}-23r^{3}-7r^{2}+7r-1=0 \] in the interval \((0,1)\).