Unsmoothing over balls via plane wave decomposition (Q2640095)

A function g: \({\mathbb{R}}^ 3\to {\mathbb{R}}\) has a plane-wave decomposition if there is a continuous function \(\phi\) : \(S^ 2\times {\mathbb{R}}\to {\mathbb{R}}\) with \(g(x)=\int_{S^ 2}\phi (\eta,\eta \cdot x)d\eta\), \(x\in {\mathbb{R}}^ 3\) where \(d\eta\) is the uniform measure on \(S^ 2\). Then the Schwartz space \(S({\mathbb{R}}^ 3)\subseteq PW({\mathbb{R}}^ 3)\) where \(PW({\mathbb{R}}^ 3)\) denotes the space of all functions which have a plane- wave decomposition. For \(a>0\), \(f\in PW({\mathbb{R}}^ 3)\), let \((T_ af)(x)=\int_{| y| \leq a}f(x+y)dy\), \(x\in {\mathbb{R}}^ 3\). If \(f\in PW({\mathbb{R}}^ 3)\) has a plane-wave \(\phi\), then one has \((T_ af)(x)\in PW({\mathbb{R}}^ 3)\) with \(\psi\) as a plane-wave of it given by \(\psi (\eta,p)=\int^{+a}_{-a}\phi (\eta,p+iq)(a^ 2-q^ 2)dq,\quad (\eta,p)\in S^ 2\times {\mathbb{R}}.\) \(T_ a: PW({\mathbb{R}}^ 3)\to PW({\mathbb{R}}^ 3)\) is a linear map. Let \(P^ k_ nW({\mathbb{R}}^ 3)\) denote the space of all \(g\in PW({\mathbb{R}}^ 3)\) such that g has a plane-wave \(\phi\) with \(\phi (\eta,\cdot)\in C^ n({\mathbb{R}})\forall \eta \in S^ 2\), \((\partial^ k/\partial^ kx)\phi (\eta,x)\) is continuous on \(S^ 2\times {\mathbb{R}}\). The author proves the following theorem: \(T_ a(P^ 1_ nW({\mathbb{R}}^ 3))=P^ 3_{n+2}W({\mathbb{R}}^ 3)\). Given \(g\in P^ 3_{n+2}W({\mathbb{R}}^ 3)\) and its plane-wave \(\psi\), one can explicitly construct a function \(f\in P^ 1_ nW({\mathbb{R}}^ 3)\) from its plane- wave \(\phi\) by solving certain differential equations such that \(T_ af=g\).