Hypercomplex factorization of the Helmholtz equation (Q1076234)

Let \(e_ i\), \(i=1,...,4\), denote the basis elements of quaternionic algebra. The eigenvalue problem \((\Delta +\lambda^ 2)I\cdot f\), where f is a quaternionic function permits a formal factorization \((\Delta +\lambda^ 2)I=D_{\lambda}(\nabla)D^*_{\lambda}(\nabla)\) with \(D_{\lambda}(\nabla)=\lambda e_ 1+\sum^{4}_{i=2}e_ i\partial /\partial x_ i.\) The author derives the fundamental solution \[ F_{\lambda}(x)=(\lambda \cos \lambda | x| /| x|)e_ 1+(D(x)/| x|^ 2)\lambda \sin \lambda /x| +(D(x)/| x|^ 3)\cos \lambda | x|. \] \[ Then\quad D_{\lambda}(\nabla_ x)F_{\lambda}(x- y)=F_{\lambda}(x-y)D^*_{\lambda}(\nabla_ x)_ r=-4\pi \delta (x- \quad y). \] He also defines the following operators \[ (T_{\lambda}f)(x)=-\frac{1}{4\pi}\int_{G}F_{\lambda}(x-y)\circ f(y)dG_ y,\quad x\in {\mathbb{R}}^ 3, \] \[ (\overset\circ S_{\lambda}f)(x)=\frac{1}{4\pi}\int_{\Gamma}F_{\lambda}(x-y)\circ D(n)_ y\circ f(y)\quad d\Gamma_ y,\quad x\not\in \Gamma, \] \[ (S_{\lambda}f)(x)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{\Gamma}F_{\lambda}(x-y)\circ D(n)_ y\circ f(y)d\Gamma \quad_ y,\quad x\in \Gamma, \] where \(\Gamma\) is the Lyapunov boundary of a bounded domain \(G\subset {\mathbb{R}}^ 3.\) The integral operators \(T_{\lambda}\), \(\overset\circ S_{\lambda}\), and \(S_{\lambda}\) are defined in analogy to the complex T-operator, the Cauchy integral operator and singular Cauchy integral operator, where the integral \(S_{\lambda}f\) is to be understood in the Cauchy principal value sense. The author also proves that the Dirichlet problem for the Helmholtz equation permits a global factorization into two boundary value problems of the first order.