Local positivity of linear series on surfaces (Q1744676)

In the present paper the authors develop the theory of local positivity for projective surfaces with use of Newton-Okounkov bodies. Let us recall that for an \(n\)-dimension projective variety \(X\), a full flag of subvarieties \(Y_{\bullet}\), and a big divisor \(D\) on \(X\), the Newton-Okounkov body \(\triangle_{Y_{\bullet}}(D) \subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\) is a convex set encoding the set of all normalized valuation vectors coming from the sections of multiples of \(D\), where the rank \(n\) valuation of the function field \(X\) is determined by \(Y_{\bullet}\). The first main result of the paper delivers an effective characterization of the notion of ampleness and nefness of divisors on smooth complex projective surfaces along the same lines as in the toric case (one can also compare this result with an \(n\)-dimensional analogue of it obtained by the authors in [Duke Math. J. 166, No. 7, 1349--1376 (2017; Zbl 1366.14012)]). Another result provides a natural description of the Seshadri constants and the moving Seshadri constants on surfaces in the language of standard and inverted simplices contained in the Newton-Okounkov bodies. One of the important problems that the authors study is about points in the plane \(\mathbb{R}^{2}\) contained in the Newton-Okounkov body \(\triangle_{Y_{\bullet}}(D)\) which are given by valuations of sections, and lie in the interior or the boundary of the Newton-Okounkov body. These points are called valuative. The main result into this direction can be summed up as follows. Corollary. Let \(X\) be a smooth projective surfaces, \(D\) a big \(\mathbb{Q}\)-divisor, \((C,x)\) an admissible flag on \(X\), and \(\pi: X' \rightarrow X\) the blow-up of \(X\) at \(x\) with the exceptional divisor \(E\). Then: i) Any rational point in the interior of \(\triangle_{(C,x)}(D)\) is valuative. ii) Suppose that \(\{(t,y) \in \mathbb{R}^{2}_{\geq 0} \, | \, \lambda't + \lambda y \leq \lambda \lambda'\} \subseteq \triangle_{(C,x)}(D)\) for some \(\lambda, \lambda' >0\), then any rational point on the horizontal segment \([0,\lambda) \times \{0\}\) and the vertical one \(\{0\} \times [0,\lambda')\) is valuative. iii) Suppose that \(\{(t,y) \in \mathbb{R}^{2}_{\geq 0} \, | \, 0 \leq t \leq \xi , 0 \leq y \leq t \} \subseteq \triangle_{(E,z_{0})}(\pi^{*}D)\) for some \(\xi >0\) and \(z_{0}\in E\). Then any rational point on the diagonal segment \(\{(t,t) | \, 0 \leq t < \xi \}\) and on the horizontal segment \([0,\xi) \times \{0\}\) is valuative. In order to obtain the mentioned results, the authors are using mostly the theory of Zariski decompositions and some properties of Bauer-Küronya-Szemberg decomposition of divisors on algebraic surfaces.