Robustness of exponential dichotomy in a class of generalised almost periodic linear differential equations in infinite dimensional Banach spaces (Q2097610)

The article considers a linear nonautonomous system \[ \dot{x}=A(t)x \] where \(A: R\to L(X)\) is a bounded operator defined in a Banach space \((X,\|\cdot\|)\) such that its evolution operator \(T(t,s)\in L(X)\), \(t\geq s\), is well defined in \(R\). Moreover, throughout the article, it is assumed that the above linear system has the property of exponential dichotomy on \(R\), namely, the existence of a family of projectors \(P(t)\), \(t\in R\) and two positive constants \(\alpha\) and \(K\) such that \begin{itemize} \item[1.] \(T(t,s)(I-P(s))=(I-P(t))T(t,s)\) for \(t\geq s\) with \(t,s\in R\). \item[2.] The restriction \(T(t,s)_{\mid \mathcal{R}(I-P(s))}: \mathcal{R}(I-P(s))\to \mathcal{R}(I-P(t))\) is an isomorphism whose inverse is \(T(s,t): \mathcal{R}(I-P(t))\to \mathcal{R}(I-P(s))\). \item[3.] It is verified that \begin{align*} \|T(t,s)P(s)\|&\leq Ke^{-\alpha(t-s)} \quad \text{for} \quad t\geq s \\ \|T(t,s)(I-P(s))\|&\leq Ke^{-\alpha(s-t)} \quad \text{for}\quad s\geq t. \end{align*} \end{itemize} If the above system is perturbed by a family of linear operators \(B(t)\), an important problem is to determine some ``smallness conditions'' ensuring that the perturbed system also has the property of exponential dichotomy on \(R\), these results are known as ``roughness results'' and the main result of this paper (Theorem 1) is one of them, which is stated in the section 3: Given a family \(B: R\to L(X)\) of bounded operators, and assuming the existence of \(M>0\) such that \(\|A(t)\|\leq M\) and \(\|B(t)\|\leq M\) for any \(t\in R\), if there exist \(\delta>0\) and \(h>0\) such that \(\|\int_{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}B(t)\,dt\|<\delta\) provided that \(|t_{1}-t_{2}|<h\), then the perturbed linear system ` \[ \dot{y}=[A(t)+B(t)]y \] also has the property of exponential dichotomy on \(R\). As usual in several roughness results, a key tool to proof the main result is a set of integral inequalities whose statement and proof has been made previously in the section 2. Moreover, the main result can be seen as a generalization of a roughness result stated in the page 45 of [\textit{W. A. Coppel}, Dichotomies in stability theory. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer-Verlag (1978; Zbl 0376.34001)]. In the particular case that \(B: R\to L(X)\) is a generalized almost periodic function, namely, \(B\) is bounded, uniformly continuous, its image has precompact range and \(\lim_{T\to \infty}\int_{a}^{a+T}||B(t)||\,dt\) exists in \(L(x)\), a byproduct of the main result (Corollary 1) states that if the above limit is null and \(\omega>0\) is big enough, then the perturbed system \[ \dot{z}=[A(t)+B(\omega t)]z \] also has a property of exponential dichotomy on \(R\). The sections 4 applies the previous results to the particular case of systems \begin{align*} \dot{x}&=Ax \\ \dot{y}&=Ay+B(\omega t)y, \end{align*} where the linear autonomous system has the property of exponential dichotomy and \(t\mapsto B(t)\) is generalized almost periodic. It is worth to emphasize that the autonomous linear system has interest on itself and is subject of current research for the authors. Finally, the section 5 considers the systems \begin{align*} \dot{x}&=Ax \\ \dot{y}&=Ay+B(t)y, \end{align*} where \(A: \mathcal{D}(A)\subset X\to X\) is a generator of a \(C_{0}\)-semigroup, \(\mathcal{D(A)}\) is dense in \(X\) and the autonomous system has an exponential dichotomy which is slightly different to the one described at the beginning. Moreover, the perturbation \(B\) satisfies \(\mathcal{R}(B(t))\subset \mathcal{D}(A)\), \(AB(t)\) is bounded and \(BA(t)\) can be extended to a bounded operator. Under these assumptions, a roughness result emulating the Theorem 1 is proved.