Two general families of integer-valued polynomials associated with finite trigonometric sums (Q2310496)

A polynomial \(P(x)\) is said to be integer-valued (or integral-valued) if it takes an integer value whenever \(x\) is an integer. In the paper under review, the author studies the sequences with general terms \(A_{2n}(x)\) and \(B_{2n}(x)\), defined by generating functions \[ \sum_{n=0}^\infty A_{2n}(x)\,t^{2n}=\frac{x}{1+t^2}\left(1+t\tan(x\arctan t)\right), \] and \[ \sum_{n=0}^\infty B_{2n}(x)\,t^{2n}=x+tx\,\frac{\tan(x\arcsin t)}{\sqrt{1-t^2}}. \] More precisely, the author gives explicit binomial sums for \(A_{2n}(x)\) and \(B_{2n}(x)\) and proves that both of them are sequences of integer-valued polynomials with rational coefficients. Then, the author proves that for any positive integer \(n\) and \(q\) one has \[ \sum_{j=1}^q\cot^{2n}\left(\frac{(2j-1)\pi}{2q}\right)=A_{2n}(q), \] and \[ \sum_{j=1}^q\csc^{2n}\left(\frac{(2j-1)\pi}{2q}\right)=B_{2n}(q), \] and obtains some other similar sums involving trigonometric functions.