Dubrovin's duality for \(F\)-manifolds with eventual identities (Q631796)

An \(F\)-manifold \((M,\circ,e)\), where \(M\) is a manifold, \(\circ\) is a multiplication on \(TM\) and \(e\) is its unit vector field, was introduced as underlying structure of a Frobenius manifold [\textit{C. Hertling} and \textit{Yu. Manin}, Int. Math. Res. Not. 1999, No.~6, 277--286 (1999; Zbl 0960.58003)]. A vector field \(E\) on \(M\) is called Euler vector field if it preserves the multiplication up to a constant: \(L_E(\circ) (X,Y)= dX\circ Y\). If \(E\) is invertible, \(X*Y= X\circ Y\circ E^{-1}\) defines a dual multiplication. This is generalized replacing Euler vector fields by eventual identities. An eventual identity \({\mathcal E}\) is an invertible vector field on \(M\) such that \(X* Y= X\circ Y\circ{\mathcal E}^{-1}\) defines a new \(F\)-manifold structure on \(M\) [\textit{Yu. I. Manin}, Adv. Math. 198, No.~1, 5--26 (2005; Zbl 1085.14023)]. Manin asked for a characterization of eventual identities. In this paper, the following answer to this question is given: Theorem 3. An invertible vector field \({\mathcal E}\) on an \(F\)-manifold \((M,\circ,e)\) is an eventual identity if and only if \[ L_{{\mathcal E}}(\circ)(X,Y)= [e,{\mathcal E}]\circ X\circ Y, \] for all vector fields \(X\), \(Y\) on \(M\). It is also shown that \(e\) is an eventual identity on \((M,*,{\mathcal E})\) and the map \[ (M,\circ,e,{\mathcal E})\to(M, *,{\mathcal E},e) \] is an involution on the set of \(F\)-manifolds with eventual identity (Dubrovin's duality). As a consequence, a vector field \({\mathcal E}\) on the product \(F\)-manifold \((M_1\times M_2,\circ, e_1+ e_2)\) becomes an eventual identity if and only if it takes the form \({\mathcal E}_1+{\mathcal E}_2\), where \({\mathcal E}_i\), \(i= 1,2\), are eventual identities of \((M_i,\circ, e_i)\) (Proposition 5). This is proved in \S2. Two metrics on a Frobenius manifold are compatible and provide a bi-Hamiltonian structure. On an \(F\)-manifold, almost compatible, and compatible pairs of metrics \((g,\overline g)\) are defined as conditions on the Levi-Cività connection and the curvature of \(g^*_\lambda= g^*+\lambda\overline g^*\) [cf. \textit{O. I. Mokhov}, J. Appl. Math. 2, No.~7, 337--370 (2002; Zbl 1008.37041), Definition 9]. Then it is shown that, if \(\widetilde g\) is an invariant metric of an \(F\)-manifold, \({\mathcal E}\) is an eventual identity, and \(g(X, Y)=\widetilde g(E^{-1}\circ X, Y)\), then \((g,\widetilde g)\) is almost compatible (Proposition 10), and if \(\varepsilon(X)=\widetilde g(e, X)\) is closed, then \((g, g)\) is compatible (\S3, Theorem 12). A Riemannian \(F\)-manifold \((M,\circ,e,\widetilde g)\) is defined by the closedness of \(\varepsilon\) together with a curvature condition [\textit{P. Lorenzoni}, \textit{M. Pedroni} and \textit{A. Raimondo}, ``\(F\)-manifolds and integrable system of hydrodynamic type'', \url{arXiv;0905.4054v2}]. It is shown that \((M,\circ,e,\widetilde g)\) is a Riemannian \(F\)-manifold if and only if \((M,*,{\mathcal E}, g)\) is a Riemannian \(F\)-manifold (\S4, Theorem 16). These results are applied to the study of integrable systems in \S5 including Tsarëv's equation [cf. \textit{S. P. Tsarëv}, Math. USSR, Izv. 37, No.~2, 397--419 (1991); translation from Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Mat. 54, No.~5, 1048--1068 (1990; Zbl 0796.76014)]. In \S6, the last section, holomorphic \(F\)-manifolds are studied. In this case, harmonic Higgs bundles are defined and the interaction between the duality for \(F\)-manifolds with eventual identities and harmonic Higgs bundles is investigated.