Attractivity in a delayed three-species ratio-dependent predator-prey system without dominating instantaneous negative feedback (Q1879139)

The following system is studied \[ \begin{aligned}\frac{dx_1}{dt}&=x_1(t)\left(a_1-a_{11}\int_0^{\infty}K_1(s)x_1(t-s)\,ds- \frac{a_{12}x_2(t)}{m_{12}x_2(t)+x_1(t)}\right),\\ \frac{dx_2}{dt}&=x_2(t)\left(-a_2+a_{21}\int_0^{\infty}\frac{K_{2}(s)x_1(t-s)} {m_{12}x_2(t-s)+x_1(t-s)}\,ds -\frac{a_{23}x_3(t)}{m_{23}x_3(t)+x_2(t)}\right),\tag{1}\\ \frac{dx_3}{dt}&=x_3(t)\left(-a_3+a_{32}\int_0^{\infty} \frac{K_3(s)x_2(t-s)}{m_{23}x_3(t)+x_2(t)}\,ds\right), \end{aligned} \] with initial conditions \(x_i(s)=\phi_i(s)\), \(s\in(-\infty,0]\), \(\phi_i(0)>0\), \(i=1,2,3\). \(\phi_i\) are continuous bounded functions, \(a_i\), \(a_{ij}\), \(m_{ij}\) are positive constants. \(x_i(t)\) represent the densities of the prey, predator and top predator population, respectively, for \(i=1,2,3\). Conditions for the existence, uniqueness and global stability of an internal solution are derived, and conditions for the uniform persistence of system (1) are found. A relation is deduced between the global stability of the internal solution of the delayed system (1) and the global stability of the internal solution of its corresponding instantaneous system. Finally a numerical example is given.