Parabolic Muckenhoupt weights in the Euclidean space (Q531859)

The author introduces the parabolic analogue to Muckenhoupt's \(A_p\) weights. Given a cube \(Q=\prod_{i=1}^n [a_i, a_i+h]\) and \(r>0\), the author denotes by \[ Q^{+,r}= \prod_{i=1}^{n-1} \big[a_i,a_i+h\big]\times \big[a_n+rh,a_n+(r+1)h\big] \] the forward in time \(r\)-translation of the cube. Similarly, the backward \(r\)-translation is denoted by \(Q^{-,r}\). With this notation out of the way a weight function in \(\mathbb R^n\) is a forward parabolic \(A_p\)-weight for \(1<p<\infty\), to be denoted \(w\in PA_p^+(\mathbb R^n)\), if there exists \(C\) so that for every cube \(Q\) one has \[ \bigg(\frac{1}{|Q|}\int_Q w \,dx\bigg) \bigg(\frac{1}{|Q^{+,1}|}\int_{Q^{+,1}} w^{1-p'} \,dx\bigg)^{p-1}\leq C. \] The corresponding extension also applies to parabolic \(A_1\)-weight and to the backward parabolic \(A_p\)-condition. The conditions \(A_p^{\pm}(\mathbb R)\) appeared when analyzing the boundedness of the one-sided Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator \(M^+\) in one variable and several results extending those known for the class \(A_p^{\pm}(\mathbb R)\) are proved for the class \(PA_p^{\pm}(\mathbb R^n)\). In particular, the one-sided reverse Hölder inequality for this new class, meaning that if \(r\in (0,1]\) and \(w\in PA_p^+(\mathbb R^n)\) there exists \(\delta>0\) so that \[ \bigg(\frac{1}{|Q|}\int_Q w^{1+\delta} \,dx\bigg)^{1/1+\delta}\leq C\bigg(\frac{1}{|Q^{+,r}|}\int_{Q^{+,r}} w \,dx\bigg). \] This result extends the version appearing in [\textit{D. Cruz-Uribe, C. J. Neugebauer} and \textit{V. Olesen}, Stud. Math. 116, No.3, 255--270 (1995; Zbl 0851.42017)]. Also, the connection with maximal operators is given, showing that if \(w\in PA_p^+(\mathbb R^n)\) then the maximal operator \(N_r^{+}\) defines a bounded operator on \(L^p(w)\) for \(1<p<\infty\) where \[ N_r^{+} f= \sup_{h>0} \frac{1}{|Q_{x,h}^r|} \int_{Q_{x,h}^r} |f(y)| \,dy \] for \(0<r\leq1\) and \[ Q_{x,h}^r= \prod_{i=1}^{n-1} \big[x_i-(1-r)h/2, x_i+(1-r)h/2\big]\times \big[x_n+rh,x_n+h\big]. \] This extends similar result in [\textit{A. K. Lerner} and \textit{S. Ombrosi}, Publ. Mat., Barc. 54, No. 1, 53--71 (2010; Zbl 1183.42024)]. Also the result in [\textit{F. J. Martín-Reyes} and \textit{A. de la Torre}, J. Lond. Math. Soc., II. Ser. 49, No.~3, 529--542 (1994; Zbl 0801.42010)] is extended to show a version of the John-Nirenberg inequality for functions in \(\text{BMO}^+(\mathbb R^n)\) defined by the condition \(\frac{1}{|Q|}\int_{Q} (f- f_{Q^{+,1}})^+ \,dx\leq C\).