Differential equations and finite groups (Q5918072)

The paper is devoted to a converse problem of Galois theory of differential fields. The questions connected with the classification of the subset of Picard-Vessiot extensions of a differential field \(F\) consisting of algebraic extensions are considered. The authors give an effective algorithm, allowing to build the so-called canonical differential equation for an algebraic extension of the field \(F\) with given Galois group \(G\) in the case, when \(F=Q(z)\). For the construction of such algorithm it is necessary to take into account the following circumstances. An extension of \(F\) can be given by the differential equations of various orders. \(G\) can have two exact not equivalent representations of identical dimension. That is an extension can be given by two not equivalent, in the sense of Levi's transformation, differential equations of identical order. A differential equation of Fuchs class having only algebraic singularities, can have a transcendental solution. The authors show, that the above mentioned difficulties can be overcome by limiting to three points of singularity \((0, 1, \infty)\) and considering the primitive subgroups \(SL(2)\) and \(SL(3)\) as \(G\). The canonical differential equation is searched by means of the method of undetermined coefficients. The exponents in the points of singularity are determined proceeding from consideration of the representations of \(G\) in the space of the holomorphic differential on the corresponding algebraic curve, Fuchs relation for exponents or the Weierstrass gap formula. For the calculation of the so-called accessory parameter or a condition of absent logarithmic ramification or a condition of presence of the rational solution at suitable tensor degrees of the required equation is used. For the eight finite primitive subgroups of \(SL(3)\), their computational results can be seen as an analog of Schwarz' list.