Hypercyclic subspaces and weighted shifts (Q2445922)

A sequence of continuous linear operators \((T_{n})_{n\geq 1}\) between two Fréchet spaces \(X\) and \(Y\) is \textit{hypercyclic} if there exists a vector \(x\in X\) such that \(\{T_{n}x:n\in \mathbb{N}\}\) is dense in \(Y\). Such a vector \(x\) is called a hypercyclic vector for the sequence \((T_{n})_{n\geq 1}\). The present paper deals with the question of the existence of \textit{hypercyclic subspaces} for \((T_{n})_{n\geq 1}\), i.e., of infinite-dimensional closed subspaces \(E\) of \(X\) such that every nonzero vector \(x\) of \(E\) is hypercyclic for \((T_{n})_{n\geq 1}\). The author first generalizes some criteria for the existence of hypercyclic subspaces [\textit{M. González} et al., Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. (3) 81, No. 1, 169--189 (2000; Zbl 1028.47007); \textit{F. León-Saavedra} and \textit{V. Müller}, Stud. Math. 175, No. 1, 1--18 (2006; Zbl 1106.47011)], which were only known before for sequences of operators between separable Banach spaces, to sequences of operators between Fréchet spaces with a continuous norm. He then proves that, if \(T\in\mathcal{B}(X)\) is a bounded linear operator on a complex separable Banach space such that \(T\times T\) is topologically transitive, \(T\) has no hypercyclic subspace if and only if there exists a constant \(C>1\), a subspace \(E\) of \(X\) of finite codimension and an integer \(n\geq 1\) such that \(\|T^{n}x\|\geq C\|x\|\) for every \(x\in E\). This criterion is simpler than existing ones, and useful for applications. The author uses it to obtain a characterization of weighted shifts with hypercyclic subspaces on (real or complex) spaces \(\ell^{\,p}\), \(1\leq p<+\infty \), on \(c_{0}\), on the space of entire functions and on certain Köthe sequence spaces. This generalizes a result of \textit{S. Shkarin} [Isr. J. Math. 180, 271--283 (2010; Zbl 1218.47017)]. Lastly, it is proved that, if \(P\) is a non-constant polynomial, then \(P(D)\) possesses a hypercyclic subspace, where \(D\) is the differentiation operator on the space of entire functions. This complements a result of \textit{H. Petersson} [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 319, No. 2, 764--782 (2006; Zbl 1101.47006)] saying that, if \(\phi \) is an entire function of exponential type which is not a polynomial, then \(\phi(D)\) has a hypercyclic subspace.