Inclusion sets for singular values (Q2479527)

Under certain conditions, the authors prove that all singular values of a square matrix of order \(n\), \(A=[a_{ij}]\), are contained in \[ \bigcup_{\gamma\in\mathcal{C}(A)} \left\{z\geq 0: \prod_{i\in\gamma} \left| z- | a_{ii}| \right| \leq \prod_{i\in\gamma} \left(\rho(B)- b_{ii}\right) \right\} \] and \[ \bigcup_{i=1}^n\;\bigcup_{j\in P_i(A)} \left\{z\geq 0: \left| z- | a_{ii}| \right| \, \left| z- | a_{jj}| \right| \leq \left(\rho(B)- b_{ii}\right)\left(\rho(B)- b_{jj}\right) \right\}, \] where \(P_i(A)=\{j: a_{ij}\neq 0 \text{ or }a_{ji}\neq 0\}\), for any \(i\in\{ 1,\dots, n\}\), \(\rho(B)\) is the Perron root of the nonnegative matrix \(B=[b_{ij}]\) satisfying \(b_{ij}\geq\max\{ | a_{ij}| ,| a_{ji}| \}\), for all \(i,j\in\{ 1,\ldots, n\}\), with \(i\neq j\), and \(\mathcal{C}(A)\) denotes the set of all nontrivial circuits in the associated directed graph of \(A\). Some comparisons and illustrative examples are provided.