Nonlinear pseudo-differential equations defined by elliptic symbols on \(L^p(\mathbb{R}^n)\) and the fractional Laplacian (Q2421896)

This paper deals with scalar nonlinear pseudo-differential equations of the form \[[1+a(-\Delta)]^{s/2}(u)= V(\cdot,u),\tag{1}\] where \(\Delta\) is the Laplace operator in \(\mathbb{R}^n\) and \(a(t)\), \(t\ge 0\), is a ``non-classical'' symbol of elliptic type (Def. 2.1). To study (1), the authors develop an \(L^p(\mathbb{R}^n)\) fractional calculus for interpreting \(a(-\Delta)\). They use Fourier multipliers theory and construct a scale of Banach spaces \(\mathcal{H}^{s,p}(a)\subset L^p(\mathbb{R}^n)\) on which the operator with symbol \(1+a(|\xi|)^2)^{s/2}\) is defined. In several cases, existence theorems for (1) are proved. For example, in Proposition 4.2, it is shown for \(1<p<\infty\), \(s>0\) and \(V(x,y)\) such that \(V(\cdot,0)\in L^p(\mathbb{R}^n)\) and \(V(x,\cdot)\)-Lipschitz with respect to \(y\in\mathbb{R}\) that for small enough \(\delta>0\) \[[1+a(-\Delta)]^{s/2}(u)=\delta V(\cdot,u)\tag{2}\] has a unique solution \(u\in\mathcal{H}^{s,p}(a)\). In the case of \(L^p(\mathbb{R}^n)\) spaces of radial functions, a radial scale \(\mathcal{H}^{s,p}_r(a)\) is introduced and existence results of radial solutions \(u\in\mathcal{H}^{s,p}_r(a)\) of generalizations of Allen-Cahn, Bejamin-Ono and nonlinear Schrödinger equations are proved.