Quasi-periodic solutions for the general semilinear Duffing equations with asymmetric nonlinearity and oscillating potential (Q829432)

In this paper, the authors prove the existence of quasi-periodic solutions and the boundedness of solutions for the general semilinear quasi-periodic differential equation \[x''+ax^+-bx^-=G_x(x,t)+f(t),\] where \(x^+=\max\{x,0\}, x^-=\max\{-x,0\}\), \(a\) and \(b\) are two different positive constants, \(f(t)\) is \(C^{39}\) smooth in \(t\), \(G(x, t)\) is \(C^{35}\) smooth in \(x\) and \(t\), \(f(t)\) and \(G(x; t)\) are quasi-periodic in \(t\) with the Diophantine frequency \(\omega=(\omega_1,\omega_2)\) and \(D^i_xD^j_tG(x,t)\) is bounded for \(0\leq i + j\leq 35\). The method is based on the Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) theorem [\textit{P. Huang} et al., Nonlinearity, No. 29, 3006--3030(2016; Zbl 1378.37078)]. In order to construct a series of canonical transformations to transform the original Hamiltonian system into a nearly integrable Hamiltonian system, they construct a related homological equation on the shell function of the generating function, instead of just the generating function. This is a key and interesting step, since the potential term \(G(x, t)\) is quasi-periodic in time \(t\) and does not satisfy the polynomial growth condition.