Lyapunov exponents and hyperbolic periodic orbits for endomorphisms (Q6058818)

The authors consider endomorphisms that are local \(C^2\) diffeomorphisms on closed manifolds with a fixed index that preserve a hyperbolic Borel probability measure. An invariant measure is referred to as hyperbolic if its Lyapunov exponents are of different signs and non-zero. Fixed index here means that the dimension of the local stable manifold is fixed. The authors use an adapted version of \textit{Z. Wang} and \textit{W. Sun} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 362, 4267--4282 (2010; Zbl 1201.37025)] to extend the work of \textit{C. Liang} et al. [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 361, 1543--1579 (2009; Zbl 1168.37006)] to the non-invertible case. The main result is that the Lyapunov exponents of hyperbolic ergodic measures of \(C^2\) endomorphisms are approximated by Lyapunov exponents of hyperbolic measures on periodic orbits. The precise statement is as follows: Theorem. If \(f: M \rightarrow M\) is a \(C^2\) local diffeomeorphism on a compact \(s\)-dimensional Riemannian manifold \(M\), and \(\mu\) is a hyperbolic ergodic measure with Lyapunov exponents \(\lambda_1(\tilde{x}) < \cdots < \lambda_r(\tilde{x}) <0 < \lambda_{r+1}(\tilde{x}) < \cdots < \lambda_t(\tilde{x})\), then the Lyapunov exponents of \(\mu\) can be approximated by the Lyapunov exponents of hyperbolic periodic orbits. So, for any \(\gamma > 0\), there is a hyperbolic periodic point \(\tilde{z}\) with Lypapunov exponents \(\lambda_1(\tilde{z}) < \cdots < \lambda_s(\tilde{z})\) such that \( |\lambda_i(\tilde{x}) - \lambda_i(\tilde{z}) | < \gamma \) for \(1 \leq i \leq s\). The authors use the notation \(\lambda(\tilde{x})\) for the Lyapunov exponent at \(x = x_0\) to represent the existence of different backward branches of endomorphisms. This is intended to specify the dependence of Lyapunov exponents on some special branch or orbit \(\tilde{x} = (x_n)\) in the inverse limit space. This convention is described in greater detail in the paper.