On emergence and complexity of ergodic decompositions (Q822699)

The notion of emergence in the setting of dynamical systems was introduced in 2017 by the first author [Proc. Steklov Inst. Math. 297, 1--27 (2017; Zbl 1381.37035); translation from Tr. Mat. Inst. Steklova 297, 7--37 (2017)] to quantify the richness of statistical behaviour of orbits. The authors explain, develop and provide several types of emergences and deliver some examples. One of the types is that of \textit{topological emergence}: this allows one to evaluate the size of all ergodic probability measures associated to the dynamics. They also introduce the notion of \textit{metric emergence}: it measures the degree of non-ergodicity. The authors obtain several properties of the above notions of emergence by comparing them with known properties of the Kolmogorov \(\epsilon\)-entropy defined in metric spaces. In this way, they are able to relate the two notions of emergence through a variational principle. Furthermore, such relations allow the authors to explain how to get dynamical systems having a high emergence. With this method they show that topological emergence of some type of hyperbolic dynamical systems is the maximal admitted. They also construct other examples of smooth area-preserving diffeomorphisms that are highly non-ergodic in the sense of maximality of the metric emergence of the Lebesgue measure. This confirms that a super-polynomial emergence exists, as conjectured in [loc. cit.]. The paper ends with an interesting observation: ``The reader will notice certain parallelism between the notions of topological/metric entropies and topological/metric emergences''. The list of references is complete and allows the reader to follow the notions introduced and used in the paper.