Classification of non-rigid families of K3 surfaces and a finiteness theorem of Arakelov type (Q911673)

Let S be a connected smooth quasiprojective variety over \({\mathbb{C}}\), and f: \(X\to S\) a smooth fiber space of K3 surfaces over S having an f-nef and f-big line bundle L. If this fiber space has no non-trivial deformations fixing the base space S and preserving the relative polarization L, we call it rigid. The main purpose of this article is a complete classification of non-rigid families of K3 surfaces by means of a variation of Hodge structure associated to \(R^ 2f_*{\mathbb{Z}}\). Let \(V_{{\mathbb{Q}}}\) denote the irreducible \({\mathbb{Q}}\)-subHodge structure of \(R^ 2f_*{\mathbb{Z}}\) with \(rank(V_{{\mathbb{C}}}^{2,0})=1\). The fiber \(V_{{\mathbb{Q}},s}\) coincides with the transcendental lattice of the fiber \(X_ s\) for general \(s\in S\). Then we can show that: (1) The endomorphism algebra E of \(V_{{\mathbb{Q}}}\) is a quaternion algebra over a totally real number field. (2) The local system \(V_{{\mathbb{Q}}}\) is of rank one as an E-module. (3) \(E\otimes_{{\mathbb{Q}}}R\cong M_ 2(R)\times K\times...\times K.\) From this theorem, we have the following fact for example. If the Picard number of the general fiber of a family of K3 surfaces is not equal to 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, it is rigid. Together with a boundedness theorem of period mapping due to Noguchi, we can show a finiteness theorem of Arakelov type for families of K3 surfaces over a curve.