On some \((n-1)\)-symmetric linear functionals (Q5946594)

In this interesting paper the author gives a unifying treatment of the symmetrization problem for orthogonal polynomials on (part of) \textbf{R} or on the unit circle. The basic concept is that of a so-called \textit{\((n-1)\)-symmetric} polynomial family \(\{\Phi_m\}_{m\in\mathbf{N}}\) over \(\mathbf{C}\): \[ \text{deg} \Phi_m=m,\;\Phi_m(\omega_n z)=\omega_n^m\Phi_m(z),\;m\in\mathbf{N}, \] with \(\omega_n\exp{(2\pi i/n)}\) the basic primitive \(n\)th root of unity. It is well known that in this case the polynomial sequence is ``generated'' by \(n\) sequences \({P_{s,k}}_{s\in\mathbf{N}}, k\in\mathbf{N}_n=\{0,1,\ldots,n-1\}\): \[ \Phi_{ns+k}(z)=z^kP_{s,k}(z^n),\;s\in\mathbf{N}, \] (see for instance the connection between Hermite and Laguerre polynomials for \(N=2\)). The other basic ingredient is orthogonality on \textit{\((n-1)\)-symmetric stars}: a constellation of \(n\) half lines originating in the origin in \(\mathbf{C}\) given by \[ {\mathcal E}_n(R)=\bigcup\limits_{k=0}^{n-1} {\mathcal E}_{n,k},\;{\mathcal E}_{n,k}=\{z\in\mathbf{C}\mid z=r\exp{(2k\pi i/n)}, 0\leq r\leq R\}. \] Using the standard decomposition of a complex function with respect to the cyclic group of order \(n\) and introducing positive linear functionals (elements of the dual \(\mathbf{P}'\) of the space \(\mathbf{P}\) of polynomials in \(z\) and \(\overline z\) over \(\mathbf{C}\)), the first main result is \textbf{A.} Let \(S, S_k\;(k\in\mathbf{N}_n)\) be \((n+1)\) positive definite linear functionals and let \(\{\Phi_m(z,S)\}_m\) and \(\{P_{m,k}(z,S_k)\}_m\) be their associated orthonormal polynomials. These polynomials are then related by \[ \Phi_{ns+k}(z,S)=z^kP_{s,k}(z^n,S_k),\;s\in\mathbf{N}, \] if and only if \[ S_k={\widetilde{|z|^{2k}S}} \] (here for \(T\in\mathbf{P}'\) the functional \({\tilde T}\) is defined by \(\langle {\tilde T},f(z)\rangle=\langle T,f(z^n)\rangle,\;f\in\mathbf{P}\)). The other main result concerns the orthonormal polynomials \(\Phi_m\) on the \((n-1)\)-symmetric set \[ {\mathcal C}=\bigcup\limits_{k=0}^{n-1} \omega_n^k({\mathcal C}_0),\;{\mathcal C}_0\text{ a curve in }\mathbf{C} \] with the weight function \(\mu(z)=z^{\ell}{\tilde \mu}(z^n)\). The author then proves \textbf{B.} Let \(\{P_{m,k}\},\;(k\in\mathbf{N}_n)\) denote the orthonormal polynomials on \({\mathcal C}_0^n=\{z^n\mid z\in{\mathcal C}_0\}\) with respect to weight functions \(\mu_k(z)\), then \[ \Phi_{sn+k}(z)=z^kP_{s,k}(z^n),\;s\in\mathbf{N}, \] if and only if \[ \mu_k(z)=|z|^{2k/n}z^{(\ell +1-n)/n}{\tilde \mu}(z),\;k\in\mathbf{N}_n . \]