On the bounded approximation property in Banach spaces (Q375511)

Let \(X\) and \(Y\) be Banach spaces. A map \(\omega: X \to Y\) is \(z\)-linear if \(\omega\) is homogeneous and there exists a constant \(C > 0\) such that, for all finite sets \(x_1,x_2,\dots,x_N \in X\), we have \[ \left\|\omega\left( \sum_{n=1}^N x_n \right) - \sum_{n=1}^N \omega(x_n) \right\| \leq C \sum_{n=1}^N \|x_n\|. \] The infimum of all such constants \(C\) is denoted by \(Z(\omega)\). From an exact sequence of Banach spaces \(0 \to Y \to X \to Z \to 0\), we can obtain a \(z\)-linear map \(\omega: Z \to Y\). Given a \(z\)-linear \(\omega: Z \to Y\), we get an exact sequence of Banach spaces \(0 \to Y \to Y \oplus_\omega Z \to Z \to 0\), where the quasi-norm \(\|(y,z)\|_\omega = \|y-\omega(z)\| + \|z\|\) is equivalent to a norm by \(z\)-linearity. The main tool of this paper is to use equivalence of exact sequences to study the bounded approximation property. The \(z\)-dual of \(X\) is the Banach space \(X^z = [Z_L(X,\mathbb{R}),Z(\cdot)]\) of all \(z\)-linear maps \(\omega: X \to \mathbb{R}\) such that \(\omega(e_\gamma) = 0\) for a prefixed Hamel basis \((e_\gamma)\) of \(X\). The closed unit ball in \(X^z\) is compact for the topology of pointwise convergence on \(X\), and therefore has a predual \(co_z(X)\), see \textit{J. M. F. Castillo} and \textit{Y. Moreno} [Stud. Math. 201, No. 1, 1--19 (2010; Zbl 1216.46063)]. Recall that a Banach space \(X\) has the \(\lambda\)-bounded approximation property (\(\lambda\)-BAP) if, for every \(\varepsilon > 0\) and each finite-dimensional subspace \(F \subset X\), there is a finite rank operator \(T:X \to X\) such that \(\|T\| < \lambda+\varepsilon\) and \(T(f) = f\) for all \(f \in F\). \(X\) has the BAP if it has the \(\lambda\)-BAP for some \(\lambda \geq 1\). The main technical lemma of the current paper is that \(co_z(X)\) has the \(3\lambda\)-BAP whenever \(X\) has the \(\lambda\)-BAP. Another result is that, if \(X^*\) has the BAP, then \(X^z\) also has the BAP. The main result is that, when \(0 \to Y \to \mathcal{L}_1 \to X \to 0\) is an exact sequence with some \(\mathcal{L}_1\)-space in the middle, then \(Y\) has the BAP whenever \(X\) does. This completes previous results by \textit{W. Lusky} [Isr. J. Math. 107, 17--27 (1998; Zbl 0921.46010)] and by \textit{T. Figiel}, \textit{W. B. Johnson} and \textit{A. Pełczyński} [Isr. J. Math. 183, 199--231 (2011; Zbl 1235.46027)] who showed the dual result: when \(0 \to Y \to \mathcal{L}_\infty \to Z \to 0\) is an exact sequence with some \(\mathcal{L}_\infty\)-space in the middle, then \(Z\) has the BAP whenever \(Y\) does. Stability results for these kind of sequences are also proved: if \(X_1\) and \(X_2\) are \(\mathcal{L}_1\) spaces and we have two exact sequences \(0 \to Y_1 \to X_1 \to Z \to 0\) and \(0 \to Y_2 \to X_2 \to Z \to 0\), then \(Y_1\) has the BAP if and only if \(Y_2\) does. A similar result also holds for the dual situation.