On integral inequalities involving differences (Q596238)

Consider the norm of the difference \[ \| \Delta_h f\| _{L_p(a,a+\alpha h)}=\| f(x+h)-f(x)\| _{L_p(a,a+\alpha h)}, \] where \(1\leq p\leq\infty\), \(-\infty<a<b<\infty\), \(f\in L_p(a,b)\), \(\alpha>0\) and \(0<h<(b-a)/(\alpha+1)\). The main goal of the paper is to study possible estimates of this quantity from above by some expression involving \(\| \Delta_h f\| _{L_p(a+\alpha h,a+\beta h)}\) for some \(\beta>\alpha\). This research is motivated by certain problems from real analysis. First, the authors demonstrate with an example that one cannot obtain a pointwise estimate in which the upper bound would be just a constant multiple of the latter norm. Instead, they show that for certain functionals \(F\), the estimate \[ F\left(\| \Delta_h f\| _{L_p(a,a+\alpha h)}\right) \leq C F\left(\| \Delta_h f\| _{L_p(a+\alpha h,a+\beta h)}\right) \] is possible. In particular, they prove such a result for the functionals \[ F(\phi):=\left(\int_0^{\delta}\left(h^{-\ell}\phi(h)\right)^{\theta}\frac{dh}h\right)^{1/\theta} \] when \(1\leq\theta<\infty\) and \[ F(\phi)=\sup_{0<h\leq\delta}h^{-\ell}\phi(h) \] when \(\theta=\infty\), where \(\ell,\delta>0\). The result is formulated in a fairly general form, including also higher-order differences. Some interesting corollaries and applications to Nikol'skij-Besov spaces are mentioned, too.