Inverse limits of arcs and of simple closed curves with confluent bonding mappings (Q801558)

A Knaster's type continuum (a solenoid) means the inverse limit of arcs (of simple closed curves) with open bonding mappings. The main result of the paper states that if openness of bonding mappings is replaced by their confluency, then one gets the same two classes of continua as the inverse limit spaces, i.e. continua of Knaster's type and solenoids. Two proofs of this fact are presented. The rest of the paper is devoted to some consequences of the main result. Namely inverse sequences of arcs and of simple closed curves are considered with various kinds of bonding mappings. These mappings are divided into two families. One consists of mappings topologically equivalent to open mappings (local homeomorphisms, local homeomorphisms in a large sense, coverings) if considered as transformations between simple closed curves. The other collects mappings which are topologically equivalent to confluent mappings (strongly confluent, locally confluent, quasi-monotone, quasi-interior, near-open, near-confluent and a few others) if considered as transformations either between simple closed curves or between arcs. As a corollary to the main result one gets that a Knaster's type continuum or a solenoid can be considered as the inverse limits of arcs or of simple closed curves, respectively, with bonding mappings belonging to any one of the classes of mappings mentioned above.