Curves and envelopes that bound the spectrum of a matrix (Q1790454)

Let \(A\in\mathbb C^{n\times n}\), \(H(A)=\frac{1}{2}(A+A^*)\), \(S(A)=\frac{1}{2}(A-A^*)\). Define the following notations: \(\delta_1\) and \(\delta_2\) are the two largest eigenvalues of \(H(A)\), \(u_1\) is a unit eigenvector of \(A\) corresponding to \(\delta_1\), \(\Re(z)\) and \(\Im(z)\) stand for the real and imaginary part of \(z\), \(\alpha=\Im(u_1^*S(A)u_1)\), and \(K_1=\|S(A)u_1\|_2^2-\alpha^2\geq 0\). \textit{M. Adam} and \textit{M. J. Tsatsomeros} [Electron. J. Linear Algebra 15, 239--250 (2006; Zbl 1142.15305)] proved that any eigenvalue \(\lambda\) of \(A\) satisfies \[ |\lambda-(\delta_1+i\alpha)|^2(\Re(\lambda)-\delta_2)\leq K_1(\delta_1-\Re(\lambda)). \] The present author extends this result. He gives, using the three largest eigenvalues of \(H(A)\) or more, inequalities for \(\lambda\) and envelope-type regions containing the spectrum of \(A\).