Global stability for differential equations with homogeneous nonlinearity and application to population dynamics. (Q1848471)

Let \(X\) be a Banach lattice with positive cone \(X_+\), \(A\) the infinitesimal generator of a strongly continuous semigroup of positive bounded linear operators \((T(t), t\geq 0)\) in \(X\), \(\varphi_0\in X_+\setminus\{0\}\) and \(\varphi^*_0\in X^*_+\setminus\{0\}\) such that \(\varphi^*_0(\varphi_0)= 1\), \(\varphi^*_0\) strictly positive, \(P_0(\varphi)= \varphi^*_0(\varphi)\varphi_0\) for all \(\varphi\in X\), \(P_1= I- P_0\); let \(g: X_+\to X\) be a Lipschitz positively homogeneous function for which there exists \(\rho(g)> 0\) such that \((g+ \rho(g)I)(X_+)\subset X_+\). Theorem 1: If \(T(t) P_0= P_0\), \(P_1 T(t)= T(t)P_1\) for all \(t\geq 0\) and there exist \(\beta> 0\) and \(M\geq 1\) such that \(| T(t) P_1\varphi|\leq Me^{-\beta t}| P_1\varphi|\) for all \(\varphi\in X\), \(\eta\in ]0,\beta[\), then there exists \(\delta(\eta)> 0\) such that if \(| g|_{\text{Lip}}< \delta(\eta)\) and \(\rho(g)< \eta\) there exist \(v_g\in X_+\), \(| v_g|= 1\) and \(\mu_g\in \mathbb{R}\) such that \(v_g\in D(A)\) and \(\mu_g v_g= Av_g+ g(v_g)\). Moreover, if \((S_g(t), t\geq 0)\) is the semigroup solution of \[ S_g(t) x= T(t)x+ \int^t_0 T(t- s) g(S_g(s)x)\,ds \] for all \(t\geq 0\), \(x\in X_+\), then for each \(x\in X_+\setminus\{0\}\) there exist \(\alpha_x> 0\) and \(M_x\geq 0\) such that \[ \Biggl|{S_g(t)x\over e^{\mu_g t}}- \alpha_x v_g\Biggr|\leq M_x e^{-(\eta+ \mu_g)t} \] for all \(t\geq 0\) and \(\eta+ \mu_g> 0\). Theorem 2: We suppose that \(T(t) P_0= e^{s(A)t} P_0\), \(P_1T(t)= T(t) P_1\) for all \(t\geq 0\), there exist \(\beta> 0\) and \(M\geq 1\) such that \(| T(t) P_1\varphi|\leq Me^{(s(A)-\beta)t}| P_1\varphi|\) for all \(\varphi\in X\), where \(s(A)\) is the spectral bound of \(A\), let \(F\in X^*\) be strictly positive; we denote by \((U_\tau(t), t\geq 0)\) the strongly continuous semigroup of nonlinear operators from \(X_+\) to \(X_+\) satisfying \[ U_\tau(t) x= T(t)x+ \int^t_0 T(t- s)[\tau g(U_\tau(s) x)- F(U_\tau(s) x)U_\tau(s) x]\,ds \] for all \(t\geq 0\), \(x\in X_+\), \(\tau\geq 0\). Then \(U_\tau(0)= 0\) and \(U_\tau(t)(X_+\setminus\{0\})\subset X_+\setminus\{0\}\) for all \(t\), \(\tau\geq 0\). Moreover, there exists \(\tau^*> 0\) such that for all \(\tau\in [0,\tau^*]\) there exist \(v_\tau\in D(A)\cap X_+\setminus\{0\}\), \(| v_\tau|= 1\), \(\mu_\tau\in \mathbb{R}\), \((\mu_\tau+ s(A)) v_\tau= A v_\tau+\tau g(v_\tau)\) and \({U_\tau(t)x\over| U_\tau(t) x|}\to v_\tau\) as \(t\to +\infty\) and \(x\in X_+\setminus\{0\}\). Furthermore, if \(\mu_\tau+ s(A)\leq 0\) then \(U_\tau(t)x\to 0\) as \(t\to+\infty\), if \(\mu_\tau+ s(A)> 0\), then \(U_\tau(t) x\to u_\tau\equiv (\mu_\tau+ s(A)){v_\tau\over F(v_\tau)}\) as \(t\to+\infty\) for all \(\tau\in [0,\tau^*]\) and \(x\in X_+\setminus\{0\}\). If \(s(A)> 0\) and \(g\) can be extended locally around each point of \(X_+\setminus\{0\}\) by a continuously differentiable map, then there exists \(\tau_0\in ]0,\tau^*]\) such that \(\mu_\tau+ s(A)> 0\) and \(u_\tau\) is exponentially asymptotically stable for all \(\tau\in [0,\tau_0]\). The results are applied to an example coming from population dynamics.