On \(s\)-numbers, quasi \(s\)-numbers, \(s\)-moduli and Weyl inequalities of operators in Banach spaces (Q1958671)

An \(s\)-number sequence is a rule which assigns to every bounded linear operator \(T\) between arbitrary Banach spaces a sequence \((s_n(T))_{n=1}^\infty\) of non-negative numbers such that the following conditions are satisfied. {\parindent=8mm \begin{itemize}\item[(S1)] Monotonicity: \(\|T\|=s_1(T)\geq s_2(T)\geq s_3(T)\geq \dots\). \item[(S2)] Additivity: \(s_{m+n-1}(S+T)\leq s_m(S)+s_n(T)\). \item[(S3)] Ideal property: \(s_n(STR)\leq \| S\| s_n(T)\| R\|\), for \(R:X_0 \to X\), \(T:X\to Y\), \(S:Y\to Y_0\). \item[(S4)] Rank property: \(s_n(T)=0\) if \(T\) is of rank strictly less than \(n\). \item[(S5)] Norming property: \(s_n(I)=1\) for the identity operator \(I\) on the \(n\)-dimensional Hilbert space. \end{itemize}} On the class of Hilbert spaces, there is only one \(s\)-number sequence, namely, the sequence of singular numbers. However, on the class of all Banach spaces, there are several different \(s\)-number sequences. One of them is the sequence of approximation numbers. Recall that for a bounded linear operator \(T:X\to Y\), the \(n\)-th approximation number is defined by \(a_n(T)=\inf\{ \| T-L\|: \text{rank}(L)<n\}\). The first result of the paper is the inequality called mixing multiplicativity. It says that \(s_{n+m-1}(TS) \leq s_n(T)a_m(S)\) and \(s_{n+m-1}(TS) \leq a_n(T)s_m(S)\), where \((s_n)\) is an arbitrary \(s\)-number sequence, \((a_n)\) is the sequence of approximation numbers, and \(S:X\to Y\), \(T:Y\to Z\) are arbitrary operators. In the second part of the paper, quasi \(s\)-numbers sequences are studied. These sequences satisfy conditions (S1)--(S4) but not necessarily condition (S5). Several examples are given and variants of mixing multiplicativity are proved. The \(n\)-th Weyl number of an operator \(T:X\to Y\) is defined as \(x_n(T)=\sup\{a_n(TS): S:\ell_2 \to X\), \(\|S\| \leq 1\}\). More generally, for an \(s\)-number sequence \((s_n)\), the \(s\)-Weyl numbers are given by \(\sup\{s_n(TS): S:\ell_2 \to X,~\|S\| \leq 1\}\). Let \(T\) be a Riesz operator on a complex Banach space \(X\). Arrange its eigenvalues \(\lambda_n(T)\) such that \(|\lambda_1(T)|\geq |\lambda_2(T)|\geq \dots\) and each eigenvalue is counted according to its algebraic multiplicity (if \(T\) has less than \(n\) eigenvalues, then \(\lambda_k(T)=0\) for \(k\geq n\)). There are many inequalities which describe a behavior of eigenvalues, one of them relates eigenvalues with Weyl numbers: \[ \left( \prod_{i=1}^{2n-1}|\lambda_i(T)|\right)^{1/(2n-1)} \leq \sqrt{2e}\left( \prod_{i=1}^{n}x_i(T)\right)^{1/n}, \qquad n=1, 2, \dots \] In the last part of the paper, similar inequalities are studied with \(s\)-Weyl numbers instead of Weyl numbers.