Time-harmonic solutions for Maxwell's equations in anisotropic media and Bochner-Riesz estimates with negative index for non-elliptic surfaces (Q2135181)

The authors consider time-harmonic Maxwell's equations in a fully anisotropic and spatially homogeneous media: \[ \begin{cases} \nabla\times E + i\omega\mu H = J_m, \quad \nabla\cdot J_m = \nabla\cdot J_e = 0, \\ \nabla\times H - i\omega\varepsilon E = J_e, \end{cases} \] where \(E\), \(H\), \(J_e\) and \(J_m\) are functions \(\mathbb{R}^3 \to \mathbb{C}^3\), \(J_e\) and \(J_m\) are divergence-free, \(\mu\) and \(\varepsilon\) are diagonal matrices with positive entries, and \(\omega\in\mathbb{R}\setminus\{0\}\). The authors prove the existence of solutions satisfying the following type of inequalities: \[ \lVert (E, H)\rVert_{L^q(\mathbb{R}^3)} \lesssim_{q, p_i, \omega} \lVert (J_e, J_m)\rVert_{L^{p_1}(\mathbb{R}^3)\cap L^{p_2}(\mathbb{R}^3)}, \] where \(p_i\) and \(q\) are constrained by well-defined relations. The analysis of time-harmonic Maxwell's equations is similar, but more involved than that of the Helmholtz equation \((\omega^2 + \Delta)u = F\). In the latter case, the multiplier \((\omega^2 - \lvert \xi\rvert^2)^{-1}\) of the inverse operator is singular along the characteristic sphere \(S_\omega := \{\omega = \lvert \xi\rvert\}\), and the study of \(L^p\)-\(L^q\) estimates demands the use of restriction theory, that is, the mapping properties of \(f \mapsto \hat{f}|_{S_\omega}\). In the case of time-harmonic Maxwell's equations, the characteristic surface, also known as the Fresnel surface, has three types of components: (i) an elliptic region (positive-definite curvature); (ii) four curves where the surface is parabolic; and (iii) four conical points. The authors go beyond the restriction operator and prove estimates for the Bochner--Riesz operator with negative index in \(\mathbb{R}^n\), for \(n \ge 2\), and non-elliptic surfaces (see also [\textit{Y. Kwon} and \textit{S. Lee}, Commun. Math. Phys. 374, No. 3, 1417--1467 (2020; Zbl 1444.35032)]); they use the \(TT^\ast\)-method. The paper is very well written and they also verify several lengthy algebraic manipulations by computer.